1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
|
GNU coreutils NEWS -*- outline -*-
* Noteworthy changes in release ?.? (????-??-??) [?]
** Bug fixes
factor no longer goes into an infinite loop for certain numbers like
158909489063877810457 and 222087527029934481871.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.20]
wc --bytes --files0-from now correctly reports byte counts.
Previously it may have returned values that were too large,
depending on the size of the first file processed.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.24]
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.26 (2016-11-30) [stable]
** Bug fixes
cp, mv, and install no longer run into undefined behavior when
handling ACLs on Cygwin and Solaris platforms. [bug introduced in
coreutils-8.24]
cp --parents --no-preserve=mode, no longer copies permissions from source
directories, instead using default permissions for created directories.
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.93]
chcon, chgrp, chmod, chown, du, and rm, or specifically utilities
using the FTS interface, now diagnose failures returned by readdir().
[this bug was inherent in the use of fts: thus, for rm the bug was
introduced in coreutils-8.0. du, chmod, chgrp and chown started using
fts in 6.0. chcon was added in coreutils-6.9.91 with fts support. ]
date, du, ls, and pr no longer mishandle time zone abbreviations on
System V style platforms where this information is available only
in the global variable 'tzname'. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.24]
factor again outputs immediately when numbers are input interactively.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.24]
head no longer tries to process non-seekable input as seekable,
which resulted in failures on FreeBSD 11 at least.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.24]
install -DZ and mkdir -pZ now set default SELinux context correctly even if
two or more directories nested in each other are created and each of them
defaults to a different SELinux context.
ls --time-style no longer mishandles '%%b' in formats.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.2]
md5sum --check --ignore-missing no longer treats files with checksums
starting with "00" as missing. This also affects sha*sum.
[bug introduced with the --ignore-missing feature in coreutils-8.25]
nl now resets numbering for each page section rather than just for each page.
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
pr now handles specified separator strings containing tabs correctly.
Previously it would have output random data from memory.
[This bug was detected with ASAN and present in "the beginning".]
sort -h -k now works even in locales that use blank as thousands separator.
stty --help no longer outputs extraneous gettext header lines
for translated languages. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.24]
stty "sane" again sets "susp" to ^z on Solaris, and leaves "swtch" undefined.
[This bug previously fixed only on some older Solaris systems]
seq now immediately exits upon write errors.
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
tac no longer crashes when there are issues reading from non-seekable inputs.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.15]
tail -F now continues to process initially untailable files that are replaced
by a tailable file. This was handled correctly when inotify was available,
and is now handled correctly in all cases.
[bug introduced in fileutils-4.0h]
tail -f - 'untailable file' will now terminate when there is no more data
to read from stdin. Previously it behaved as if --retry was specified.
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
tail -f 'remote file' will now avoid outputting repeated data on network
file systems that misreport file sizes through stale metadata.
[This bug was present in "the beginning" but exacerbated in coreutils-8.24]
tail -f --retry 'missing file' will now process truncations of that file.
Previously truncation was ignored thus not outputting new data in the file.
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0]
tail -f will no longer continually try to open inaccessible files,
only doing so if --retry is specified.
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
yes now handles short writes, rather than assuming all writes complete.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.24]
** Changes in behavior
rm no longer accepts shortened variants of the --no-preserve-root option.
seq no longer accepts 0 value as increment, and now also rejects NaN
values for any argument.
stat now outputs nanosecond information for time stamps even if
they are out of localtime range.
sort, tail, and uniq now support traditional usage like 'sort +2'
and 'tail +10' on systems conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2008 and later.
The 2008 edition of POSIX dropped the requirement that arguments
like '+2' must be treated as file names.
** Improvements
df now filters the system mount list more efficiently, with 20000
mount entries now being processed in about 1.1s compared to 1.7s.
du, shuf, sort, and uniq no longer fail to process a specified file
when their stdin is closed, which would have happened with glibc >= 2.14.
install -Z now also sets the default SELinux context for created directories.
ls is now fully responsive to signals until the first escape sequence is
written to a terminal.
ls now aligns quoted items with non quoted items, which is easier to read,
and also better indicates that the quote is not part of the actual name.
stat and tail now know about these file systems:
"balloon-kvm-fs" KVM dynamic RAM allocation support,
"cgroup2" Linux Control Groups V2 support,
"daxfs" Optical media file system,
"m1fs" A Plexistor file system,
"prl_fs" A parallels file system,
"smb2" Samba for SMB protocol V2,
"wslfs" Windows Subsystem for Linux,
"zsmalloc" Linux compressed swap support,
stat -f --format=%T now reports the file system type, and
tail -f uses polling for "prl_fs" and "smb2", and inotify for others.
stat --format=%N for quoting file names now honors the
same QUOTING_STYLE environment variable values as ls.
** New programs
b2sum is added to support the BLAKE2 digest algorithm with
a similar interface to the existing md5sum and sha1sum, etc. commands.
** New Features
comm now accepts the --total option to output a summary at the end.
date now accepts the --debug option, to annotate the parsed date string,
display timezone information, and warn about potential misuse.
date now accepts the %q format to output the quarter of the year.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.25 (2016-01-20) [stable]
** Bug fixes
cp now correctly copies files with a hole at the end of the file,
and extents allocated beyond the apparent size of the file.
That combination resulted in the trailing hole not being reproduced.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.10]
cut --fields no longer outputs extraneous characters on some uClibc configs.
[bug introduced in coreutils-6.11]
install -D again copies relative file names when absolute file names
are also specified along with an absolute destination directory name.
[bug introduced in coreutils-6.2]
ls no longer prematurely wraps lines when printing short file names.
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.1.0]
mv no longer causes data loss due to removing a source directory specified
multiple times, when that directory is also specified as the destination.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.24]
shred again uses defined patterns for all iteration counts.
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.93]
sort --debug -b now correctly marks the matching extents for keys
that specify an offset for the first field.
[bug introduced with the --debug feature in coreutils-8.6]
tail -F now works with initially non existent files on a remote file system.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.5]
** New commands
base32 is added to complement the existing base64 command,
and encodes and decodes printable text as per RFC 4648.
** New features
comm,cut,head,numfmt,paste,tail now have the -z,--zero-terminated option, and
tac --separator accepts an empty argument, to work with NUL delimited items.
dd now summarizes sizes in --human-readable format too, not just --si.
E.g., "3441325000 bytes (3.4 GB, 3.2 GiB) copied". It omits the summaries
if they would not provide useful information, e.g., "3 bytes copied".
Its status=progress output now uses the same format as ordinary status,
perhaps with trailing spaces to erase previous progress output.
md5sum now supports the --ignore-missing option to allow
verifying a subset of files given a larger list of checksums.
This also affects sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum and sha512sum.
printf now supports the '%q' format to print arguments in a form that
is reusable by most shells, with non-printable characters escaped
with the POSIX proposed $'...' syntax.
stty now supports the "[-]drain" setting to control whether to wait
for transmission of pending output before application of settings.
** Changes in behavior
base64 no longer supports hex or oct --wrap parameters,
thus better supporting decimals with leading zeros.
date --iso-8601 now uses +00:00 timezone format rather than +0000.
The standard states to use this "extended" format throughout a timestamp.
df now prefers sources towards the root of a device when
eliding duplicate bind mounted entries.
ls now quotes file names unambiguously and appropriate for use in a shell,
when outputting to a terminal.
join, sort, uniq with --zero-terminated, now treat '\n' as a field delimiter.
** Improvements
All utilities now quote user supplied arguments in error strings,
which avoids confusing error messages in the presence of '\r' chars etc.
Utilities that traverse directories, like chmod, cp, and rm etc., will operate
more efficiently on XFS through the use of "leaf optimization".
md5sum now ensures a single line per file for status on standard output,
by using a '\' at the start of the line, and replacing any newlines with '\n'.
This also affects sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum and sha512sum.
dircolors now supports globbing of TERM entries in its database.
For example "TERM *256color*" is now supported.
du no longer stats all mount points at startup, only doing so
upon detection of a directory cycle.
[issue introduced in coreutils-8.20]
ls -w0 is now interpreted as no limit on the length of the outputted line.
stat -f --format=%T now reports the file system type for new Linux
pseudo file systems "bpf_fs", "btrfs_test", "nsfs", "overlayfs"
and "tracefs", and remote file system "acfs".
wc now ensures a single line per file for counts on standard output,
by quoting names containing '\n' characters; appropriate for use in a shell.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.24 (2015-07-03) [stable]
** Bug fixes
dd supports more robust SIGINFO/SIGUSR1 handling for outputting statistics.
Previously those signals may have inadvertently terminated the process.
df --local no longer hangs with inaccessible remote mounts.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.21]
du now silently ignores all directory cycles due to bind mounts.
Previously it would issue a warning and exit with a failure status.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.1 and partially fixed in coreutils-8.23]
chroot again calls chroot(DIR) and chdir("/"), even if DIR is "/".
This handles separate bind mounted "/" trees, and environments
depending on the implicit chdir("/").
[bugs introduced in coreutils-8.23]
cp no longer issues an incorrect warning about directory hardlinks when a
source directory is specified multiple times. Now, consistent with other
file types, a warning is issued for source directories with duplicate names,
or with -H the directory is copied again using the symlink name.
factor avoids writing partial lines, thus supporting parallel operation.
[the bug dates back to the initial implementation]
head, od, split, tac, tail, and wc no longer mishandle input from files in
/proc and /sys file systems that report somewhat-incorrect file sizes.
mkdir --parents -Z now correctly sets the context for the last component,
even if the parent directory exists and has a different default context.
[bug introduced with the -Z restorecon functionality in coreutils-8.22]
numfmt no longer outputs incorrect overflowed values seen with certain
large numbers, or with numbers with increased precision.
[bug introduced when numfmt was added in coreutils-8.21]
numfmt now handles leading zeros correctly, not counting them when
settings processing limits, and making them optional with floating point.
[bug introduced when numfmt was added in coreutils-8.21]
paste no longer truncates output for large input files. This would happen
for example with files larger than 4GiB on 32 bit systems with a '\n'
character at the 4GiB position.
[the bug dates back to the initial implementation]
rm indicates the correct number of arguments in its confirmation prompt,
on all platforms. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.22]
shuf -i with a single redundant operand, would crash instead of issuing
a diagnostic. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.22]
tail releases inotify resources when unused. Previously it could exhaust
resources with many files, or with -F if files were replaced many times.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.5]
tail -f again follows changes to a file after it's renamed.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.5]
tail --follow no longer misses changes to files if those files were
replaced before inotify watches were created.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.5]
tail --follow consistently outputs all data for a truncated file.
[bug introduced in the beginning]
tail --follow=name correctly outputs headers for multiple files
when those files are being created or renamed.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.5]
** New features
chroot accepts the new --skip-chdir option to not change the working directory
to "/" after changing into the chroot(2) jail, thus retaining the current wor-
king directory. The new option is only permitted if the new root directory is
the old "/", and therefore is useful with the --group and --userspec options.
dd accepts a new status=progress level to print data transfer statistics
on stderr approximately every second.
numfmt can now process multiple fields with field range specifications similar
to cut, and supports setting the output precision with the --format option.
split accepts a new --separator option to select a record separator character
other than the default newline character.
stty allows setting the "extproc" option where supported, which is
a useful setting with high latency links.
sync no longer ignores arguments, and syncs each specified file, or with the
--file-system option, the file systems associated with each specified file.
tee accepts a new --output-error option to control operation with pipes
and output errors in general.
** Changes in behavior
df no longer suppresses separate exports of the same remote device, as
these are generally explicitly mounted. The --total option does still
suppress duplicate remote file systems.
[suppression was introduced in coreutils-8.21]
mv no longer supports moving a file to a hardlink, instead issuing an error.
The implementation was susceptible to races in the presence of multiple mv
instances, which could result in both hardlinks being deleted. Also on case
insensitive file systems like HFS, mv would just remove a hardlinked 'file'
if called like `mv file File`. The feature was added in coreutils-5.0.1.
numfmt --from-unit and --to-unit options now interpret suffixes as SI units,
and IEC (power of 2) units are now specified by appending 'i'.
tee will exit early if there are no more writable outputs.
tee does not treat the file operand '-' as meaning standard output any longer,
for better conformance to POSIX. This feature was added in coreutils-5.3.0.
timeout --foreground no longer sends SIGCONT to the monitored process,
which was seen to cause intermittent issues with GDB for example.
** Improvements
cp,install,mv will convert smaller runs of NULs in the input to holes,
and cp --sparse=always avoids speculative preallocation on XFS for example.
cp will read sparse files more efficiently when the destination is a
non regular file. For example when copying a disk image to a device node.
mv will try a reflink before falling back to a standard copy, which is
more efficient when moving files across BTRFS subvolume boundaries.
stat and tail now know about IBRIX. stat -f --format=%T now reports the file
system type, and tail -f uses polling for files on IBRIX file systems.
wc -l processes short lines much more efficiently.
References from --help and the man pages of utilities have been corrected
in various cases, and more direct links to the corresponding online
documentation are provided.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.23 (2014-07-18) [stable]
** Bug fixes
chmod -Rc no longer issues erroneous warnings for files with special bits set.
[bug introduced in coreutils-6.0]
cp -a, mv, and install --preserve-context, once again set the correct SELinux
context for existing directories in the destination. Previously they set
the context of an existing directory to that of its last copied descendant.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.22]
cp -a, mv, and install --preserve-context, no longer seg fault when running
with SELinux enabled, when copying from file systems that return an error
when reading the SELinux context for a file.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.22]
cp -a and mv now preserve xattrs of symlinks copied across file systems.
[bug introduced with extended attribute preservation feature in coreutils-7.1]
date could crash or go into an infinite loop when parsing a malformed TZ="".
[bug introduced with the --date='TZ="" ..' parsing feature in coreutils-5.3.0]
dd's ASCII and EBCDIC conversions were incompatible with common practice and
with POSIX, and have been corrected as follows. First, conv=ascii now
implies conv=unblock, and conv=ebcdic and conv=ibm now imply conv=block.
Second, the translation tables for dd conv=ascii and conv=ebcdic have been
corrected as shown in the following table, where A is the ASCII value, W is
the old, wrong EBCDIC value, and E is the new, corrected EBCDIC value; all
values are in octal.
A W E
041 117 132
133 112 255
135 132 275
136 137 232
174 152 117
176 241 137
313 232 152
325 255 112
345 275 241
[These dd bugs were present in "the beginning".]
df has more fixes related to the newer dynamic representation of file systems:
Duplicates are elided for virtual file systems like tmpfs.
Details for the correct device are output for points mounted multiple times.
Placeholder values are output for inaccessible file systems, rather than
than error messages or values for the wrong file system.
[These bugs were present in "the beginning".]
df now outputs all appropriate entries in the presence of bind mounts.
On some systems, entries would have been incorrectly elided due to
them being considered "dummy" mounts.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.22]
du now silently ignores directory cycles introduced with bind mounts.
Previously it would issue a warning and exit with a failure status.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.1]
head --bytes=-N and --lines=-N now handles devices more
consistently, not ignoring data from virtual devices like /dev/zero,
or on BSD systems data from tty devices.
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.0.1]
head --bytes=-N - no longer fails with a bogus diagnostic when stdin's
seek pointer is not at the beginning.
[bug introduced with the --bytes=-N feature in coreutils-5.0.1]
head --lines=-0, when the input does not contain a trailing '\n',
now copies all input to stdout. Previously nothing was output in this case.
[bug introduced with the --lines=-N feature in coreutils-5.0.1]
id, when invoked with no user name argument, now prints the correct group ID.
Previously, in the default output format, it would print the default group ID
in the password database, which may be neither real nor effective. For e.g.,
when run set-GID, or when the database changes outside the current session.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.1]
ln -sf now replaces symbolic links whose targets can't exist. Previously
it would display an error, requiring --no-dereference to avoid the issue.
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0]
ln -sr '' F no longer segfaults. Now works as expected.
[bug introduced with the --relative feature in coreutils-8.16]
numfmt now handles blanks correctly in all unibyte locales. Previously
in locales where character 0xA0 is a blank, numfmt would mishandle it.
[bug introduced when numfmt was added in coreutils-8.21]
ptx --format long option parsing no longer falls through into the --help case.
[bug introduced in TEXTUTILS-1_22i]
ptx now consistently trims whitespace when processing multiple files.
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
seq again generates correct output with start or end values = -0.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.20.]
shuf --repeat no longer dumps core if the input is empty.
[bug introduced with the --repeat feature in coreutils-8.22]
sort when using multiple threads now avoids undefined behavior with mutex
destruction, which could cause deadlocks on some implementations.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.6]
tail -f now uses polling mode for VXFS to cater for its clustered mode.
[bug introduced with inotify support added in coreutils-7.5]
** New features
od accepts a new option: --endian=TYPE to handle inputs with different byte
orders, or to provide consistent output on systems with disparate endianness.
configure accepts the new option --enable-single-binary to build all the
selected programs in a single binary called "coreutils". The selected
programs can still be called directly using symlinks to "coreutils" or
shebangs with the option --coreutils-prog= passed to this program. The
install behavior is determined by the option --enable-single-binary=symlinks
or --enable-single-binary=shebangs (the default). With the symlinks option,
you can't make a second symlink to any program because that will change the
name of the called program, which is used by coreutils to determine the
desired program. The shebangs option doesn't suffer from this problem, but
the /proc/$pid/cmdline file might not be updated on all the platforms. The
functionality of each program is not affected but this single binary will
depend on all the required dynamic libraries even to run simple programs.
If you desire to build some tools outside the single binary file, you can
pass the option --enable-single-binary-exceptions=PROG_LIST with the comma
separated list of programs you want to build separately. This flag
considerably reduces the overall size of the installed binaries which makes
it suitable for embedded system.
** Changes in behavior
chroot with an argument of "/" no longer implicitly changes the current
directory to "/", allowing changing only user credentials for a command.
chroot --userspec will now unset supplemental groups associated with root,
and instead use the supplemental groups of the specified user.
cut -d$'\n' again outputs lines identified in the --fields list, having
not done so in v8.21 and v8.22. Note using this non portable functionality
will result in the delayed output of lines.
ls with none of LS_COLORS or COLORTERM environment variables set,
will now honor an empty or unknown TERM environment variable,
and not output colors even with --colors=always.
** Improvements
chroot has better --userspec and --group look-ups, with numeric IDs never
causing name look-up errors. Also look-ups are first done outside the chroot,
in case the look-up within the chroot fails due to library conflicts etc.
install now allows the combination of the -D and -t options.
numfmt supports zero padding of numbers using the standard printf
syntax of a leading zero, for example --format="%010f".
Also throughput was improved by up to 800% by avoiding redundant processing.
shred now supports multiple passes on GNU/Linux tape devices by rewinding
the tape before each pass, avoids redundant writes to empty files,
uses direct I/O for all passes where possible, and attempts to clear
inode storage used for small files on some file systems.
split avoids unnecessary input buffering, immediately writing input to output
which is significant with --filter or when writing to fifos or stdout etc.
stat and tail work better with HFS+, HFSX, LogFS and ConfigFS. stat -f
--format=%T now reports the file system type, and tail -f now uses inotify,
rather than the default of issuing a warning and reverting to polling.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.22 (2013-12-13) [stable]
** Bug fixes
df now processes the mount list correctly in the presence of unstatable
mount points. Previously it may have failed to output some mount points.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.21]
df now processes symbolic links and relative paths to special files containing
a mounted file system correctly. Previously df displayed the statistics about
the file system the file is stored on rather than the one inside.
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
df now processes disk device nodes correctly in the presence of bind mounts.
Now df shows the base mounted file system rather than the last one mounted.
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
install now removes the target file if the strip program failed for any
reason. Before, that file was left behind, sometimes even with wrong
permissions.
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
ln --relative now updates existing symlinks correctly. Previously it based
the relative link on the dereferenced path of an existing link.
[This bug was introduced when --relative was added in coreutils-8.16.]
ls --recursive will no longer exit with "serious" exit code (2), if there
is an error reading a directory not specified on the command line.
[Bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0]
mkdir, mkfifo, and mknod now work better when creating a file in a directory
with a default ACL whose umask disagrees with the process's umask, on a
system such as GNU/Linux where directory ACL umasks override process umasks.
[bug introduced in coreutils-6.0]
mv will now replace empty directories in the destination with directories
from the source, when copying across file systems.
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
od -wN with N larger than 64K on a system with 32-bit size_t would
print approximately 2*N bytes of extraneous padding.
[Bug introduced in coreutils-7.0]
rm -I now prompts for confirmation before removing a write protected file.
[Bug introduced in coreutils-6.8]
shred once again uses direct I/O on systems requiring aligned buffers.
Also direct I/O failures for odd sized writes at end of file are now handled.
[The "last write" bug was introduced in coreutils-5.3.0 but masked
by the alignment bug introduced in coreutils-6.0]
tail --retry -f now waits for the files specified to appear. Before, tail
would immediately exit when such a file is initially inaccessible.
[This bug was introduced when inotify support was added in coreutils-7.5]
tail -F has improved handling of symlinks. Previously tail didn't respond
to the symlink target (re)appearing after being (re)created.
[This bug was introduced when inotify support was added in coreutils-7.5]
** New features
cp, install, mkdir, mknod, mkfifo and mv now support "restorecon"
functionality through the -Z option, to set the SELinux context
appropriate for the new item location in the file system.
csplit accepts a new option: --suppressed-matched, to elide the lines
used to identify the split points.
df --output now accepts a 'file' field, to propagate a specified
command line argument through to the output.
du accepts a new option: --inodes to show the number of inodes instead
of the blocks used.
id accepts a new option: --zero (-z) to delimit the output entries by
a NUL instead of a white space character.
id and ls with -Z report the SMACK security context where available.
mkdir, mkfifo and mknod with --context set the SMACK context where available.
id can now lookup by user ID, in addition to the existing name lookup.
join accepts a new option: --zero-terminated (-z). As with the sort,uniq
option of the same name, this makes join consume and produce NUL-terminated
lines rather than newline-terminated lines.
uniq accepts a new option: --group to print all items, while separating
unique groups with empty lines.
shred accepts new parameters to the --remove option to give greater
control over that operation, which can greatly reduce sync overhead.
shuf accepts a new option: --repeat (-r), which can repeat items in
the output.
** Changes in behavior
cp --link now dereferences a symbolic link as source before creating the
hard link in the destination unless the -P,--no-deref option is specified.
Previously, it would create a hard link of the symbolic link, even when
the dereferencing options -L or -H were specified.
cp, install, mkdir, mknod and mkfifo no longer accept an argument to the
short -Z option. The --context equivalent still takes an optional argument.
dd status=none now suppresses all non fatal diagnostic messages,
not just the transfer counts.
df no longer accepts the long-obsolescent --megabytes option.
stdbuf now requires at least one buffering mode option to be specified,
as per the documented interface.
** Improvements
base64 encoding throughput for bulk data is increased by about 60%.
md5sum can use libcrypto hash routines where allowed to potentially
get better performance through using more system specific logic.
sha1sum for example has improved throughput by 40% on an i3-2310M.
This also affects sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum and sha512sum.
stat and tail work better with EFIVARFS, EXOFS, F2FS, HOSTFS, SMACKFS, SNFS
and UBIFS. stat -f --format=%T now reports the file system type, and tail -f
now uses inotify for files on all those except SNFS, rather than the default
(for unknown file system types) of issuing a warning and reverting to polling.
shuf outputs subsets of large inputs much more efficiently.
Reservoir sampling is used to limit memory usage based on the number of
outputs, rather than the number of inputs.
shred increases the default write block size from 12KiB to 64KiB
to align with other utilities and reduce the system call overhead.
split --line-bytes=SIZE, now only allocates memory as needed rather
than allocating SIZE bytes at program start.
stty now supports configuring "stick" (mark/space) parity where available.
** Build-related
factor now builds on aarch64 based systems [bug introduced in coreutils-8.20]
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.21 (2013-02-14) [stable]
** New programs
numfmt: reformat numbers
** New features
df now accepts the --output[=FIELD_LIST] option to define the list of columns
to include in the output, or all available columns if the FIELD_LIST is
omitted. Note this enables df to output both block and inode fields together.
du now accepts the --threshold=SIZE option to restrict the output to entries
with such a minimum SIZE (or a maximum SIZE if it is negative).
du recognizes -t SIZE as equivalent, for compatibility with FreeBSD.
timeout now accepts the --preserve-status option to always propagate the exit
status, useful for commands that can run for an indeterminate amount of time.
** Bug fixes
cp --no-preserve=mode now no longer exits non-zero.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.20]
cut with a range like "N-" no longer allocates N/8 bytes. That buffer
would never be used, and allocation failure could cause cut to fail.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.10]
cut no longer accepts the invalid range 0-, which made it print empty lines.
Instead, cut now fails and emits an appropriate diagnostic.
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
cut now handles overlapping to-EOL ranges properly. Before, it would
interpret "-b2-,3-" like "-b3-". Now it's treated like "-b2-".
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
cut no longer prints extraneous delimiters when a to-EOL range subsumes
another range. Before, "echo 123|cut --output-delim=: -b2-,3" would print
"2:3". Now it prints "23". [bug introduced in 5.3.0]
cut -f no longer inspects input line N+1 before fully outputting line N,
which avoids delayed output for intermittent input.
[bug introduced in TEXTUTILS-1_8b]
factor no longer loops infinitely on 32 bit powerpc or sparc systems.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.20]
install -m M SOURCE DEST no longer has a race condition where DEST's
permissions are temporarily derived from SOURCE instead of from M.
pr -n no longer crashes when passed values >= 32. Also, line numbers are
consistently padded with spaces, rather than with zeros for certain widths.
[bug introduced in TEXTUTILS-1_22i]
seq -w ensures that for numbers input in scientific notation,
the output numbers are properly aligned and of the correct width.
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
seq -w ensures correct alignment when the step value includes a precision
while the start value does not, and the number sequence narrows.
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
seq -s no longer prints an erroneous newline after the first number, and
outputs a newline after the last number rather than a trailing separator.
Also seq no longer ignores a specified step value when the end value is 1.
[bugs introduced in coreutils-8.20]
timeout now ensures that blocking of ALRM signals is not inherited from
its parent, which would cause timeouts to be ignored.
[the bug dates back to the initial implementation]
** Changes in behavior
df --total now prints '-' into the target column (mount point) of the
summary line, accommodating the --output option where the target field
can be in any column. If there is no source column, then df prints
'total' in the target column.
df now properly outputs file system information with bind mounts present on
the system by skipping duplicate entries (identified by the device number).
Consequently, df also elides the early-boot pseudo file system type "rootfs".
cut -d$'\n' no longer outputs lines identified in the --fields list,
to align with other implementations and to avoid delayed output of lines.
nl no longer supports the --page-increment option, which has been
deprecated since coreutils-7.5. Use --line-increment instead.
** Improvements
readlink now supports multiple arguments, and a complementary
-z, --zero option to delimit output items with the NUL character.
stat and tail now know about CEPH. stat -f --format=%T now reports the file
system type, and tail -f uses polling for files on CEPH file systems.
stty now supports configuring DTR/DSR hardware flow control where available.
** Build-related
Perl is now more of a prerequisite. It has long been required in order
to run (not skip) a significant percentage of the tests. Now, it is
also required in order to generate proper man pages, via help2man. The
generated man/*.1 man pages are no longer distributed. Building without
perl, you would create stub man pages. Thus, while perl is not an
official prerequisite (build and "make check" will still succeed), any
resulting man pages would be inferior. In addition, this fixes a bug
in distributed (not from clone) Makefile.in that could cause parallel
build failure when building from modified sources, as is common practice
for a patched distribution package.
factor now builds on x86_64 with x32 ABI, 32 bit MIPS, and all HPPA systems,
by avoiding incompatible asm. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.20]
A root-only test predicate would always fail. Its job was to determine
whether our dummy user, $NON_ROOT_USERNAME, was able to run binaries from
the build directory. As a result, all dependent tests were always skipped.
Now, those tests may be run once again. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.20]
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.20 (2012-10-23) [stable]
** New features
dd now accepts 'status=none' to suppress all informational output.
md5sum now accepts the --tag option to print BSD-style output with GNU
file name escaping. This also affects sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum,
sha384sum and sha512sum.
** Bug fixes
cp could read from freed memory and could even make corrupt copies.
This could happen with a very fragmented and sparse input file,
on GNU/Linux file systems supporting fiemap extent scanning.
This bug also affects mv when it resorts to copying, and install.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.11]
cp --no-preserve=mode now no longer preserves the original file's
permissions but correctly sets mode specified by 0666 & ~umask
du no longer emits a "disk-corrupted"-style diagnostic when it detects
a directory cycle that is due to a bind-mounted directory. Instead,
it detects this precise type of cycle, diagnoses it as such and
eventually exits nonzero.
factor (when using gmp) would mistakenly declare some composite numbers
to be prime, e.g., 465658903, 2242724851, 6635692801 and many more.
The fix makes factor somewhat slower (~25%) for ranges of consecutive
numbers, and up to 8 times slower for some worst-case individual numbers.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.0, with GNU MP support]
ls now correctly colors dangling symlinks when listing their containing
directories, with orphaned symlink coloring disabled in LS_COLORS.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.14]
rm -i -d now prompts the user then removes an empty directory, rather
than ignoring the -d option and failing with an 'Is a directory' error.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.19, with the addition of --dir (-d)]
rm -r S/ (where S is a symlink-to-directory) no longer gives the invalid
"Too many levels of symbolic links" diagnostic.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.6]
seq now handles arbitrarily long non-negative whole numbers when the
increment is 1 and when no format-changing option is specified.
Before, this would infloop:
b=100000000000000000000; seq $b $b
[the bug dates back to the initial implementation]
** Changes in behavior
nproc now diagnoses with an error, non option command line parameters.
** Improvements
factor's core has been rewritten for speed and increased range.
It can now factor numbers up to 2^128, even without GMP support.
Its speed is from a few times better (for small numbers) to over
10,000 times better (just below 2^64). The new code also runs a
deterministic primality test for each prime factor, not just a
probabilistic test.
seq is now up to 70 times faster than it was in coreutils-8.19 and prior,
but only with non-negative whole numbers, an increment of 1, and no
format-changing options.
stat and tail know about ZFS, VZFS and VMHGFS. stat -f --format=%T now
reports the file system type, and tail -f now uses inotify for files on
ZFS and VZFS file systems, rather than the default (for unknown file
system types) of issuing a warning and reverting to polling. tail -f
still uses polling for files on VMHGFS file systems.
** Build-related
root-only tests now check for permissions of our dummy user,
$NON_ROOT_USERNAME, before trying to run binaries from the build directory.
Before, we would get hard-to-diagnose reports of failing root-only tests.
Now, those tests are skipped with a useful diagnostic when the root tests
are run without following the instructions in README.
We now build most directories using non-recursive make rules. I.e.,
rather than running make in man/, lib/, src/, tests/, instead, the top
level Makefile.am includes a $dir/local.mk that describes how to build
the targets in the corresponding directory. Two directories remain
unconverted: po/, gnulib-tests/. One nice side-effect is that the more
accurate dependencies have eliminated a nagging occasional failure that
was seen when running parallel "make syntax-check".
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.19 (2012-08-20) [stable]
** Bug fixes
df now fails when the list of mounted file systems (/etc/mtab) cannot
be read, yet the file system type information is needed to process
certain options like -a, -l, -t and -x.
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
sort -u could fail to output one or more result lines.
For example, this command would fail to print "1":
(yes 7 | head -11; echo 1) | sort --p=1 -S32b -u
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.6]
sort -u could read freed memory.
For example, this evokes a read from freed memory:
perl -le 'print "a\n"."0"x900'|valgrind sort --p=1 -S32b -u>/dev/null
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.6]
** New features
rm now accepts the --dir (-d) option which makes it remove empty directories.
Since removing empty directories is relatively safe, this option can be
used as a part of the alias rm='rm --dir'. This improves compatibility
with Mac OS X and BSD systems which also honor the -d option.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.18 (2012-08-12) [stable]
** Bug fixes
cksum now prints checksums atomically so that concurrent
processes will not intersperse their output.
[the bug dates back to the initial implementation]
date -d "$(printf '\xb0')" would print 00:00:00 with today's date
rather than diagnosing the invalid input. Now it reports this:
date: invalid date '\260'
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
df no longer outputs control characters present in the mount point name.
Such characters are replaced with '?', so for example, scripts consuming
lines output by df, can work reliably.
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
df --total now exits with an appropriate diagnostic and error code, when
file system --type options do not lead to a processed file system.
[This bug dates back to when --total was added in coreutils-7.0]
head --lines=-N (-n-N) now resets the read pointer of a seekable input file.
This means that "head -n-3" no longer consumes all of its input, and lines
not output by head may be processed by other programs. For example, this
command now prints the final line, 2, while before it would print nothing:
seq 2 > k; (head -n-1 > /dev/null; cat) < k
[This bug was present in "the beginning".]
ls --color would mis-color relative-named symlinks in /
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.17]
split now ensures it doesn't overwrite the input file with generated output.
[the bug dates back to the initial implementation]
stat and df now report the correct file system usage,
in all situations on GNU/Linux, by correctly determining the block size.
[df bug since coreutils-5.0.91, stat bug since the initial implementation]
tail -f no longer tries to use inotify on AUFS or PanFS file systems
[you might say this was introduced in coreutils-7.5, along with inotify
support, but even now, its magic number isn't in the usual place.]
** New features
stat -f recognizes the new remote file system types: aufs, panfs.
** Changes in behavior
su: this program has been removed. We stopped installing "su" by
default with the release of coreutils-6.9.90 on 2007-12-01. Now,
that the util-linux package has the union of the Suse and Fedora
patches as well as enough support to build on the Hurd, we no longer
have any reason to include it here.
** Improvements
sort avoids redundant processing in the presence of inaccessible inputs,
or unwritable output. Sort now diagnoses certain errors at start-up,
rather than after potentially expensive processing.
sort now allocates no more than 75% of physical memory by default,
to better share system resources, and thus operate more efficiently.
[The default max memory usage changed from 50% to 100% in coreutils-8.16]
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.17 (2012-05-10) [stable]
** Bug fixes
id and groups, when invoked with no user name argument, would print
the default group ID listed in the password database, and sometimes
that ID would be neither real nor effective. For example, when run
set-GID, or in a session for which the default group has just been
changed, the new group ID would be listed, even though it is not
yet effective. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.1]
cp S D is no longer subject to a race: if an existing D were removed
between the initial stat and subsequent open-without-O_CREATE, cp would
fail with a confusing diagnostic saying that the destination, D, was not
found. Now, in this unusual case, it retries the open (but with O_CREATE),
and hence usually succeeds. With NFS attribute caching, the condition
was particularly easy to trigger, since there, the removal of D could
precede the initial stat. [This bug was present in "the beginning".]
split --number=C /dev/null no longer appears to infloop on GNU/Hurd
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.8]
stat no longer reports a negative file size as a huge positive number.
[bug present since 'stat' was introduced in fileutils-4.1.9]
** New features
split and truncate now allow any seekable files in situations where
the file size is needed, instead of insisting on regular files.
fmt now accepts the --goal=WIDTH (-g) option.
stat -f recognizes new file system types: bdevfs, inodefs, qnx6
** Changes in behavior
cp,mv,install,cat,split: now read and write a minimum of 64KiB at a time.
This was previously 32KiB and increasing to 64KiB was seen to increase
throughput by about 10% when reading cached files on 64 bit GNU/Linux.
cp --attributes-only no longer truncates any existing destination file,
allowing for more general copying of attributes from one file to another.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.16 (2012-03-26) [stable]
** New features
As a GNU extension, 'chmod', 'mkdir', and 'install' now accept operators
'-', '+', '=' followed by octal modes; for example, 'chmod +40 FOO' enables
and 'chmod -40 FOO' disables FOO's group-read permissions. Operator
numeric modes can be combined with symbolic modes by separating them with
commas; for example, =0,u+r clears all permissions except for enabling
user-read permissions. Unlike ordinary numeric modes, operator numeric
modes do not preserve directory setuid and setgid bits; for example,
'chmod =0 FOO' clears all of FOO's permissions, including setuid and setgid.
Also, ordinary numeric modes with five or more digits no longer preserve
setuid and setgid bits, so that 'chmod 00755 FOO' now clears FOO's setuid
and setgid bits. This allows scripts to be portable to other systems which
lack the GNU extension mentioned previously, and where ordinary numeric
modes do not preserve directory setuid and setgid bits.
dd now accepts the count_bytes, skip_bytes iflags and the seek_bytes
oflag, to more easily allow processing portions of a file.
dd now accepts the conv=sparse flag to attempt to create sparse
output, by seeking rather than writing to the output file.
ln now accepts the --relative option, to generate a relative
symbolic link to a target, irrespective of how the target is specified.
split now accepts an optional "from" argument to --numeric-suffixes,
which changes the start number from the default of 0.
split now accepts the --additional-suffix option, to append an
additional static suffix to output file names.
basename now supports the -a and -s options, which allow processing
of more than one argument at a time. Also the complementary
-z option was added to delimit output items with the NUL character.
dirname now supports more than one argument. Also the complementary
-z option was added to delimit output items with the NUL character.
** Bug fixes
du --one-file-system (-x) would ignore any non-directory specified on
the command line. For example, "touch f; du -x f" would print nothing.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.15]
mv now lets you move a symlink onto a same-inode destination file that
has two or more hard links. Before, it would reject that, saying that
they are the same, implicitly warning you that the move would result in
data loss. In this unusual case, when not moving the symlink onto its
referent, there is no risk of data loss, since the symlink will
typically still point to one of the hard links.
"mv A B" could succeed, yet A would remain. This would happen only when
both A and B were hard links to the same symlink, and with a kernel for
which rename("A","B") does nothing and returns 0 (POSIX mandates this
surprising rename no-op behavior). Now, mv handles this case by skipping
the usually-useless rename and simply unlinking A.
realpath no longer mishandles a root directory. This was most
noticeable on platforms where // is a different directory than /,
but could also be observed with --relative-base=/ or
--relative-to=/. [bug since the beginning, in 8.15]
** Improvements
ls can be much more efficient, especially with large directories on file
systems for which getfilecon-, ACL-check- and XATTR-check-induced syscalls
fail with ENOTSUP or similar.
'realpath --relative-base=dir' in isolation now implies '--relative-to=dir'
instead of causing a usage failure.
split now supports an unlimited number of split files as default behavior.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.15 (2012-01-06) [stable]
** New programs
realpath: print resolved file names.
** Bug fixes
du -x no longer counts root directories of other file systems.
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.1.0]
ls --color many-entry-directory was uninterruptible for too long
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.2.1]
ls's -k option no longer affects how ls -l outputs file sizes.
It now affects only the per-directory block counts written by -l,
and the sizes written by -s. This is for compatibility with BSD
and with POSIX 2008. Because -k is no longer equivalent to
--block-size=1KiB, a new long option --kibibyte stands for -k.
[bug introduced in coreutils-4.5.4]
ls -l would leak a little memory (security context string) for each
nonempty directory listed on the command line, when using SELinux.
[bug probably introduced in coreutils-6.10 with SELinux support]
rm -rf DIR would fail with "Device or resource busy" on Cygwin with NWFS
and NcFsd file systems. This did not affect Unix/Linux-based kernels.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.0, when rm began using fts]
split -n 1/2 FILE no longer fails when operating on a growing file, or
(on some systems) when operating on a non-regular file like /dev/zero.
It would report "/dev/zero: No such file or directory" even though
the file obviously exists. Same for -n l/2.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.8, with the addition of the -n option]
stat -f now recognizes the FhGFS and PipeFS file system types.
tac no longer fails to handle two or more non-seekable inputs
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0]
tail -f no longer tries to use inotify on GPFS or FhGFS file systems
[you might say this was introduced in coreutils-7.5, along with inotify
support, but the new magic numbers weren't in the usual places then.]
** Changes in behavior
df avoids long UUID-including file system names in the default listing.
With recent enough kernel/tools, these long names would be used, pushing
second and subsequent columns far to the right. Now, when a long name
refers to a symlink, and no file systems are specified, df prints the
usually-short referent instead.
tail -f now uses polling (not inotify) when any of its file arguments
resides on a file system of unknown type. In addition, for each such
argument, tail -f prints a warning with the FS type magic number and a
request to report it to the bug-reporting address.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.14 (2011-10-12) [stable]
** Bug fixes
ls --dereference no longer outputs erroneous "argetm" strings for
dangling symlinks when an 'ln=target' entry is in $LS_COLORS.
[bug introduced in fileutils-4.0]
ls -lL symlink once again properly prints "+" when the referent has an ACL.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.13]
sort -g no longer infloops for certain inputs containing NaNs
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.5]
** Improvements
md5sum --check now supports the -r format from the corresponding BSD tool.
This also affects sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum and sha512sum.
pwd now works also on systems without openat. On such systems, pwd
would fail when run from a directory whose absolute name contained
more than PATH_MAX / 3 components. The df, stat and readlink programs
are also affected due to their use of the canonicalize_* functions.
** Changes in behavior
timeout now only processes the first signal received from the set
it is handling (SIGTERM, SIGINT, ...). This is to support systems that
implicitly create threads for some timer functions (like GNU/kFreeBSD).
** Build-related
"make dist" no longer builds .tar.gz files.
xz is portable enough and in wide-enough use that distributing
only .tar.xz files is enough.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.13 (2011-09-08) [stable]
** Bug fixes
chown and chgrp with the -v --from= options, now output the correct owner.
I.e., for skipped files, the original ownership is output, not the new one.
[bug introduced in sh-utils-2.0g]
cp -r could mistakenly change the permissions of an existing destination
directory. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.8]
cp -u -p would fail to preserve one hard link for each up-to-date copy
of a src-hard-linked name in the destination tree. I.e., if s/a and s/b
are hard-linked and dst/s/a is up to date, "cp -up s dst" would copy s/b
to dst/s/b rather than simply linking dst/s/b to dst/s/a.
[This bug appears to have been present in "the beginning".]
fts-using tools (rm, du, chmod, chgrp, chown, chcon) no longer use memory
proportional to the number of entries in each directory they process.
Before, rm -rf 4-million-entry-directory would consume about 1GiB of memory.
Now, it uses less than 30MB, no matter how many entries there are.
[this bug was inherent in the use of fts: thus, for rm the bug was
introduced in coreutils-8.0. The prior implementation of rm did not use
as much memory. du, chmod, chgrp and chown started using fts in 6.0.
chcon was added in coreutils-6.9.91 with fts support. ]
pr -T no longer ignores a specified LAST_PAGE to stop at.
[bug introduced in textutils-1.19q]
printf '%d' '"' no longer accesses out-of-bounds memory in the diagnostic.
[bug introduced in sh-utils-1.16]
split --number l/... no longer creates extraneous files in certain cases.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.8]
timeout now sends signals to commands that create their own process group.
timeout is no longer confused when starting off with a child process.
[bugs introduced in coreutils-7.0]
unexpand -a now aligns correctly when there are spaces spanning a tabstop,
followed by a tab. In that case a space was dropped, causing misalignment.
We also now ensure that a space never precedes a tab.
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0]
** Changes in behavior
chmod, chown and chgrp now output the original attributes in messages,
when -v or -c specified.
cp -au (where --preserve=links is implicit) may now replace newer
files in the destination, to mirror hard links from the source.
** New features
date now accepts ISO 8601 date-time strings with "T" as the
separator. It has long parsed dates like "2004-02-29 16:21:42"
with a space between the date and time strings. Now it also parses
"2004-02-29T16:21:42" and fractional-second and time-zone-annotated
variants like "2004-02-29T16:21:42.333-07:00"
md5sum accepts the new --strict option. With --check, it makes the
tool exit non-zero for any invalid input line, rather than just warning.
This also affects sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum and sha512sum.
split accepts a new --filter=CMD option. With it, split filters output
through CMD. CMD may use the $FILE environment variable, which is set to
the nominal output file name for each invocation of CMD. For example, to
split a file into 3 approximately equal parts, which are then compressed:
split -n3 --filter='xz > $FILE.xz' big
Note the use of single quotes, not double quotes.
That creates files named xaa.xz, xab.xz and xac.xz.
timeout accepts a new --foreground option, to support commands not started
directly from a shell prompt, where the command is interactive or needs to
receive signals initiated from the terminal.
** Improvements
cp -p now copies trivial NSFv4 ACLs on Solaris 10. Before, it would
mistakenly apply a non-trivial ACL to the destination file.
cp and ls now support HP-UX 11.11's ACLs, thanks to improved support
in gnulib.
df now supports disk partitions larger than 4 TiB on MacOS X 10.5
or newer and on AIX 5.2 or newer.
join --check-order now prints "join: FILE:LINE_NUMBER: bad_line" for an
unsorted input, rather than e.g., "join: file 1 is not in sorted order".
shuf outputs small subsets of large permutations much more efficiently.
For example 'shuf -i1-$((2**32-1)) -n2' no longer exhausts memory.
stat -f now recognizes the GPFS, MQUEUE and PSTOREFS file system types.
timeout now supports sub-second timeouts.
** Build-related
Changes inherited from gnulib address a build failure on HP-UX 11.11
when using /opt/ansic/bin/cc.
Numerous portability and build improvements inherited via gnulib.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.12 (2011-04-26) [stable]
** Bug fixes
tail's --follow=name option no longer implies --retry on systems
with inotify support. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5]
** Changes in behavior
cp's extent-based (FIEMAP) copying code is more reliable in the face
of varying and undocumented file system semantics:
- it no longer treats unwritten extents specially
- a FIEMAP-based extent copy always uses the FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC flag.
Before, it would incur the performance penalty of that sync only
for 2.6.38 and older kernels. We thought all problems would be
resolved for 2.6.39.
- it now attempts a FIEMAP copy only on a file that appears sparse.
Sparse files are relatively unusual, and the copying code incurs
the performance penalty of the now-mandatory sync only for them.
** Portability
dd once again compiles on AIX 5.1 and 5.2
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.11 (2011-04-13) [stable]
** Bug fixes
cp -a --link would not create a hardlink to a symlink, instead
copying the symlink and then not preserving its timestamp.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.0]
cp now avoids FIEMAP issues with BTRFS before Linux 2.6.38,
which could result in corrupt copies of sparse files.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.10]
cut could segfault when invoked with a user-specified output
delimiter and an unbounded range like "-f1234567890-".
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0]
du would infloop when given --files0-from=DIR
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.1]
sort no longer spawns 7 worker threads to sort 16 lines
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.6]
touch built on Solaris 9 would segfault when run on Solaris 10
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.8]
wc would dereference a NULL pointer upon an early out-of-memory error
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.1]
** New features
dd now accepts the 'nocache' flag to the iflag and oflag options,
which will discard any cache associated with the files, or
processed portion thereof.
dd now warns that 'iflag=fullblock' should be used,
in various cases where partial reads can cause issues.
** Changes in behavior
cp now avoids syncing files when possible, when doing a FIEMAP copy.
The sync is only needed on Linux kernels before 2.6.39.
[The sync was introduced in coreutils-8.10]
cp now copies empty extents efficiently, when doing a FIEMAP copy.
It no longer reads the zero bytes from the input, and also can efficiently
create a hole in the output file when --sparse=always is specified.
df now aligns columns consistently, and no longer wraps entries
with longer device identifiers, over two lines.
install now rejects its long-deprecated --preserve_context option.
Use --preserve-context instead.
test now accepts "==" as a synonym for "="
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.10 (2011-02-04) [stable]
** Bug fixes
du would abort with a failed assertion when two conditions are met:
part of the hierarchy being traversed is moved to a higher level in the
directory tree, and there is at least one more command line directory
argument following the one containing the moved sub-tree.
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.1.0]
join --header now skips the ordering check for the first line
even if the other file is empty. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.5]
join -v2 now ensures the default output format prints the match field
at the start of the line when it is different to the match field for
the first file. [bug present in "the beginning".]
rm -f no longer fails for EINVAL or EILSEQ on file systems that
reject file names invalid for that file system.
uniq -f NUM no longer tries to process fields after end of line.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.0]
** New features
cp now copies sparse files efficiently on file systems with FIEMAP
support (ext4, btrfs, xfs, ocfs2). Before, it had to read 2^20 bytes
when copying a 1MiB sparse file. Now, it copies bytes only for the
non-sparse sections of a file. Similarly, to induce a hole in the
output file, it had to detect a long sequence of zero bytes. Now,
it knows precisely where each hole in an input file is, and can
reproduce them efficiently in the output file. mv also benefits
when it resorts to copying, e.g., between file systems.
join now supports -o 'auto' which will automatically infer the
output format from the first line in each file, to ensure
the same number of fields are output for each line.
** Changes in behavior
join no longer reports disorder when one of the files is empty.
This allows one to use join as a field extractor like:
join -a1 -o 1.3,1.1 - /dev/null
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.9 (2011-01-04) [stable]
** Bug fixes
split no longer creates files with a suffix length that
is dependent on the number of bytes or lines per file.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.8]
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.8 (2010-12-22) [stable]
** Bug fixes
cp -u no longer does unnecessary copying merely because the source
has finer-grained time stamps than the destination.
od now prints floating-point numbers without losing information, and
it no longer omits spaces between floating-point columns in some cases.
sort -u with at least two threads could attempt to read through a
corrupted pointer. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.6]
sort with at least two threads and with blocked output would busy-loop
(spinlock) all threads, often using 100% of available CPU cycles to
do no work. I.e., "sort < big-file | less" could waste a lot of power.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.6]
sort with at least two threads no longer segfaults due to use of pointers
into the stack of an expired thread. [bug introduced in coreutils-8.6]
sort --compress no longer mishandles subprocesses' exit statuses,
no longer hangs indefinitely due to a bug in waiting for subprocesses,
and no longer generates many more than NMERGE subprocesses.
sort -m -o f f ... f no longer dumps core when file descriptors are limited.
** Changes in behavior
sort will not create more than 8 threads by default due to diminishing
performance gains. Also the --parallel option is no longer restricted
to the number of available processors.
** New features
split accepts the --number option to generate a specific number of files.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.7 (2010-11-13) [stable]
** Bug fixes
cp, install, mv, and touch no longer crash when setting file times
on Solaris 10 Update 9 [Solaris PatchID 144488 and newer expose a
latent bug introduced in coreutils 8.1, and possibly a second latent
bug going at least as far back as coreutils 5.97]
csplit no longer corrupts heap when writing more than 999 files,
nor does it leak memory for every chunk of input processed
[the bugs were present in the initial implementation]
tail -F once again notices changes in a currently unavailable
remote directory [bug introduced in coreutils-7.5]
** Changes in behavior
cp --attributes-only now completely overrides --reflink.
Previously a reflink was needlessly attempted.
stat's %X, %Y, and %Z directives once again print only the integer
part of seconds since the epoch. This reverts a change from
coreutils-8.6, that was deemed unnecessarily disruptive.
To obtain a nanosecond-precision time stamp for %X use %.X;
if you want (say) just 3 fractional digits, use %.3X.
Likewise for %Y and %Z.
stat's new %W format directive would print floating point seconds.
However, with the above change to %X, %Y and %Z, we've made %W work
the same way as the others.
stat gained support for several printf-style flags, such as %'s for
listing sizes with the current locale's thousands separator.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.6 (2010-10-15) [stable]
** Bug fixes
du no longer multiply counts a file that is a directory or whose
link count is 1, even if the file is reached multiple times by
following symlinks or via multiple arguments.
du -H and -L now consistently count pointed-to files instead of
symbolic links, and correctly diagnose dangling symlinks.
du --ignore=D now ignores directory D even when that directory is
found to be part of a directory cycle. Before, du would issue a
"NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER" diagnostic and fail.
split now diagnoses read errors rather than silently exiting.
[bug introduced in coreutils-4.5.8]
tac would perform a double-free when given an input line longer than 16KiB.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.3]
tail -F once again notices changes in a currently unavailable directory,
and works around a Linux kernel bug where inotify runs out of resources.
[bugs introduced in coreutils-7.5]
tr now consistently handles case conversion character classes.
In some locales, valid conversion specifications caused tr to abort,
while in all locales, some invalid specifications were undiagnosed.
[bugs introduced in coreutils 6.9.90 and 6.9.92]
** New features
cp now accepts the --attributes-only option to not copy file data,
which is useful for efficiently modifying files.
du recognizes -d N as equivalent to --max-depth=N, for compatibility
with FreeBSD.
sort now accepts the --debug option, to highlight the part of the
line significant in the sort, and warn about questionable options.
sort now supports -d, -f, -i, -R, and -V in any combination.
stat now accepts the %m format directive to output the mount point
for a file. It also accepts the %w and %W format directives for
outputting the birth time of a file, if one is available.
** Changes in behavior
df now consistently prints the device name for a bind mounted file,
rather than its aliased target.
du now uses less than half as much memory when operating on trees
with many hard-linked files. With --count-links (-l), or when
operating on trees with no hard-linked files, there is no change.
ls -l now uses the traditional three field time style rather than
the wider two field numeric ISO style, in locales where a style has
not been specified. The new approach has nicer behavior in some
locales, including English, which was judged to outweigh the disadvantage
of generating less-predictable and often worse output in poorly-configured
locales where there is an onus to specify appropriate non-default styles.
[The old behavior was introduced in coreutils-6.0 and had been removed
for English only using a different method since coreutils-8.1]
rm's -d now evokes an error; before, it was silently ignored.
sort -g now uses long doubles for greater range and precision.
sort -h no longer rejects numbers with leading or trailing ".", and
no longer accepts numbers with multiple ".". It now considers all
zeros to be equal.
sort now uses the number of available processors to parallelize
the sorting operation. The number of sorts run concurrently can be
limited with the --parallel option or with external process
control like taskset for example.
stat now provides translated output when no format is specified.
stat no longer accepts the --context (-Z) option. Initially it was
merely accepted and ignored, for compatibility. Starting two years
ago, with coreutils-7.0, its use evoked a warning. Printing the
SELinux context of a file can be done with the %C format directive,
and the default output when no format is specified now automatically
includes %C when context information is available.
stat no longer accepts the %C directive when the --file-system
option is in effect, since security context is a file attribute
rather than a file system attribute.
stat now outputs the full sub-second resolution for the atime,
mtime, and ctime values since the Epoch, when using the %X, %Y, and
%Z directives of the --format option. This matches the fact that
%x, %y, and %z were already doing so for the human-readable variant.
touch's --file option is no longer recognized. Use --reference=F (-r)
instead. --file has not been documented for 15 years, and its use has
elicited a warning since coreutils-7.1.
truncate now supports setting file sizes relative to a reference file.
Also errors are no longer suppressed for unsupported file types, and
relative sizes are restricted to supported file types.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.5 (2010-04-23) [stable]
** Bug fixes
cp and mv once again support preserving extended attributes.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.4]
cp now preserves "capabilities" when also preserving file ownership.
ls --color once again honors the 'NORMAL' dircolors directive.
[bug introduced in coreutils-6.11]
sort -M now handles abbreviated months that are aligned using blanks
in the locale database. Also locales with 8 bit characters are
handled correctly, including multi byte locales with the caveat
that multi byte characters are matched case sensitively.
sort again handles obsolescent key formats (+POS -POS) correctly.
Previously if -POS was specified, 1 field too many was used in the sort.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.2]
** New features
join now accepts the --header option, to treat the first line of each
file as a header line to be joined and printed unconditionally.
timeout now accepts the --kill-after option which sends a kill
signal to the monitored command if it's still running the specified
duration after the initial signal was sent.
who: the "+/-" --mesg (-T) indicator of whether a user/tty is accepting
messages could be incorrectly listed as "+", when in fact, the user was
not accepting messages (mesg no). Before, who would examine only the
permission bits, and not consider the group of the TTY device file.
Thus, if a login tty's group would change somehow e.g., to "root",
that would make it unwritable (via write(1)) by normal users, in spite
of whatever the permission bits might imply. Now, when configured
using the --with-tty-group[=NAME] option, who also compares the group
of the TTY device with NAME (or "tty" if no group name is specified).
** Changes in behavior
ls --color no longer emits the final 3-byte color-resetting escape
sequence when it would be a no-op.
join -t '' no longer emits an error and instead operates on
each line as a whole (even if they contain NUL characters).
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.4 (2010-01-13) [stable]
** Bug fixes
nproc --all is now guaranteed to be as large as the count
of available processors, which may not have been the case
on GNU/Linux systems with neither /proc nor /sys available.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.1]
** Build-related
Work around a build failure when using buggy <sys/capability.h>.
Alternatively, configure with --disable-libcap.
Compilation would fail on systems using glibc-2.7..2.9 due to changes in
gnulib's wchar.h that tickled a bug in at least those versions of glibc's
own <wchar.h> header. Now, gnulib works around the bug in those older
glibc <wchar.h> headers.
Building would fail with a link error (cp/copy.o) when XATTR headers
were installed without the corresponding library. Now, configure
detects that and disables xattr support, as one would expect.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.3 (2010-01-07) [stable]
** Bug fixes
cp -p, install -p, mv, and touch -c could trigger a spurious error
message when using new glibc coupled with an old kernel.
[bug introduced in coreutils-6.12].
ls -l --color no longer prints "argetm" in front of dangling
symlinks when the 'LINK target' directive was given to dircolors.
[bug introduced in fileutils-4.0]
pr's page header was improperly formatted for long file names.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.2]
rm -r --one-file-system works once again.
The rewrite to make rm use fts introduced a regression whereby
a commmand of the above form would fail for all subdirectories.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.0]
stat -f recognizes more file system types: k-afs, fuseblk, gfs/gfs2, ocfs2,
and rpc_pipefs. Also Minix V3 is displayed correctly as minix3, not minux3.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.1]
tail -f (inotify-enabled) once again works with remote files.
The use of inotify with remote files meant that any changes to those
files that was not done from the local system would go unnoticed.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.5]
tail -F (inotify-enabled) would abort when a tailed file is repeatedly
renamed-aside and then recreated.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.5]
tail -F (inotify-enabled) could fail to follow renamed files.
E.g., given a "tail -F a b" process, running "mv a b" would
make tail stop tracking additions to "b".
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.5]
touch -a and touch -m could trigger bugs in some file systems, such
as xfs or ntfs-3g, and fail to update timestamps.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.1]
wc now prints counts atomically so that concurrent
processes will not intersperse their output.
[the issue dates back to the initial implementation]
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.2 (2009-12-11) [stable]
** Bug fixes
id's use of mgetgroups no longer writes beyond the end of a malloc'd buffer
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.1]
id no longer crashes on systems without supplementary group support.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.1]
rm once again handles zero-length arguments properly.
The rewrite to make rm use fts introduced a regression whereby
a command like "rm a '' b" would fail to remove "a" and "b", due to
the presence of the empty string argument.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.0]
sort is now immune to the signal handling of its parent.
Specifically sort now doesn't exit with an error message
if it uses helper processes for compression and its parent
ignores CHLD signals. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.9]
tail without -f no longer accesses uninitialized memory
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.6]
timeout is now immune to the signal handling of its parent.
Specifically timeout now doesn't exit with an error message
if its parent ignores CHLD signals. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.6]
a user running "make distcheck" in the coreutils source directory,
with TMPDIR unset or set to the name of a world-writable directory,
and with a malicious user on the same system
was vulnerable to arbitrary code execution
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.0]
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.1 (2009-11-18) [stable]
** Bug fixes
chcon no longer exits immediately just because SELinux is disabled.
Even then, chcon may still be useful.
[bug introduced in coreutils-8.0]
chcon, chgrp, chmod, chown and du now diagnose an ostensible directory cycle
and arrange to exit nonzero. Before, they would silently ignore the
offending directory and all "contents."
env -u A=B now fails, rather than silently adding A to the
environment. Likewise, printenv A=B silently ignores the invalid
name. [the bugs date back to the initial implementation]
ls --color now handles files with capabilities correctly. Previously
files with capabilities were often not colored, and also sometimes, files
without capabilites were colored in error. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.0]
md5sum now prints checksums atomically so that concurrent
processes will not intersperse their output.
This also affected sum, sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum and sha512sum.
[the bug dates back to the initial implementation]
mktemp no longer leaves a temporary file behind if it was unable to
output the name of the file to stdout.
[the bug dates back to the initial implementation]
nice -n -1 PROGRAM now runs PROGRAM even when its internal setpriority
call fails with errno == EACCES.
[the bug dates back to the initial implementation]
nice, nohup, and su now refuse to execute the subsidiary program if
they detect write failure in printing an otherwise non-fatal warning
message to stderr.
stat -f recognizes more file system types: afs, cifs, anon-inode FS,
btrfs, cgroupfs, cramfs-wend, debugfs, futexfs, hfs, inotifyfs, minux3,
nilfs, securityfs, selinux, xenfs
tail -f (inotify-enabled) now avoids a race condition.
Before, any data appended in the tiny interval between the initial
read-to-EOF and the inotify watch initialization would be ignored
initially (until more data was appended), or forever, if the file
were first renamed or unlinked or never modified.
[The race was introduced in coreutils-7.5]
tail -F (inotify-enabled) now consistently tails a file that has been
replaced via renaming. That operation provokes either of two sequences
of inotify events. The less common sequence is now handled as well.
[The bug came with the implementation change in coreutils-7.5]
timeout now doesn't exit unless the command it is monitoring does,
for any specified signal. [bug introduced in coreutils-7.0].
** Changes in behavior
chroot, env, nice, and su fail with status 125, rather than 1, on
internal error such as failure to parse command line arguments; this
is for consistency with stdbuf and timeout, and avoids ambiguity
with the invoked command failing with status 1. Likewise, nohup
fails with status 125 instead of 127.
du (due to a change in gnulib's fts) can now traverse NFSv4 automounted
directories in which the stat'd device number of the mount point differs
during a traversal. Before, it would fail, because such a mismatch would
usually represent a serious error or a subversion attempt.
echo and printf now interpret \e as the Escape character (0x1B).
rm -f /read-only-fs/nonexistent now succeeds and prints no diagnostic
on systems with an unlinkat syscall that sets errno to EROFS in that case.
Before, it would fail with a "Read-only file system" diagnostic.
Also, "rm /read-only-fs/nonexistent" now reports "file not found" rather
than the less precise "Read-only file system" error.
** New programs
nproc: Print the number of processing units available to a process.
** New features
env and printenv now accept the option --null (-0), as a means to
avoid ambiguity with newlines embedded in the environment.
md5sum --check now also accepts openssl-style checksums.
So do sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum and sha512sum.
mktemp now accepts the option --suffix to provide a known suffix
after the substitution in the template. Additionally, uses such as
"mktemp fileXXXXXX.txt" are able to infer an appropriate --suffix.
touch now accepts the option --no-dereference (-h), as a means to
change symlink timestamps on platforms with enough support.
* Noteworthy changes in release 8.0 (2009-10-06) [beta]
** Bug fixes
cp --preserve=xattr and --archive now preserve extended attributes even
when the source file doesn't have write access.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.1]
touch -t [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] now accepts a timestamp string ending in .60,
to accommodate leap seconds.
[the bug dates back to the initial implementation]
ls --color now reverts to the color of a base file type consistently
when the color of a more specific type is disabled.
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.90]
ls -LR exits with status 2, not 0, when it encounters a cycle
"ls -is" is now consistent with ls -lis in ignoring values returned
from a failed stat/lstat. For example ls -Lis now prints "?", not "0",
for the inode number and allocated size of a dereferenced dangling symlink.
tail --follow --pid now avoids a race condition where data written
just before the process dies might not have been output by tail.
Also, tail no longer delays at all when the specified pid is not live.
[The race was introduced in coreutils-7.5,
and the unnecessary delay was present since textutils-1.22o]
** Portability
On Solaris 9, many commands would mistakenly treat file/ the same as
file. Now, even on such a system, path resolution obeys the POSIX
rules that a trailing slash ensures that the preceding name is a
directory or a symlink to a directory.
** Changes in behavior
id no longer prints SELinux " context=..." when the POSIXLY_CORRECT
environment variable is set.
readlink -f now ignores a trailing slash when deciding if the
last component (possibly via a dangling symlink) can be created,
since mkdir will succeed in that case.
** New features
ln now accepts the options --logical (-L) and --physical (-P),
added by POSIX 2008. The default behavior is -P on systems like
GNU/Linux where link(2) creates hard links to symlinks, and -L on
BSD systems where link(2) follows symlinks.
stat: without -f, a command-line argument of "-" now means standard input.
With --file-system (-f), an argument of "-" is now rejected.
If you really must operate on a file named "-", specify it as
"./-" or use "--" to separate options from arguments.
** Improvements
rm: rewrite to use gnulib's fts
This makes rm -rf significantly faster (400-500%) in some pathological
cases, and slightly slower (20%) in at least one pathological case.
rm -r deletes deep hierarchies more efficiently. Before, execution time
was quadratic in the depth of the hierarchy, now it is merely linear.
However, this improvement is not as pronounced as might be expected for
very deep trees, because prior to this change, for any relative name
length longer than 8KiB, rm -r would sacrifice official conformance to
avoid the disproportionate quadratic performance penalty. Leading to
another improvement:
rm -r is now slightly more standards-conformant when operating on
write-protected files with relative names longer than 8KiB.
* Noteworthy changes in release 7.6 (2009-09-11) [stable]
** Bug fixes
cp, mv now ignore failure to preserve a symlink time stamp, when it is
due to their running on a kernel older than what was implied by headers
and libraries tested at configure time.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.5]
cp --reflink --preserve now preserves attributes when cloning a file.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.5]
cp --preserve=xattr no longer leaks resources on each preservation failure.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.1]
dd now exits with non-zero status when it encounters a write error while
printing a summary to stderr.
[bug introduced in coreutils-6.11]
dd cbs=N conv=unblock would fail to print a final newline when the size
of the input was not a multiple of N bytes.
[the non-conforming behavior dates back to the initial implementation]
df no longer requires that each command-line argument be readable
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.3]
ls -i now prints consistent inode numbers also for mount points.
This makes ls -i DIR less efficient on systems with dysfunctional readdir,
because ls must stat every file in order to obtain a guaranteed-valid
inode number. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.0]
tail -f (inotify-enabled) now flushes any initial output before blocking.
Before, this would print nothing and wait: stdbuf -o 4K tail -f /etc/passwd
Note that this bug affects tail -f only when its standard output is buffered,
which is relatively unusual.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.5]
tail -f once again works with standard input. inotify-enabled tail -f
would fail when operating on a nameless stdin. I.e., tail -f < /etc/passwd
would say "tail: cannot watch `-': No such file or directory", yet the
relatively baroque tail -f /dev/stdin < /etc/passwd would work. Now, the
offending usage causes tail to revert to its conventional sleep-based
(i.e., not inotify-based) implementation.
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.5]
** Portability
ln, link: link f z/ would mistakenly succeed on Solaris 10, given an
existing file, f, and nothing named "z". ln -T f z/ has the same problem.
Each would mistakenly create "z" as a link to "f". Now, even on such a
system, each command reports the error, e.g.,
link: cannot create link `z/' to `f': Not a directory
** New features
cp --reflink accepts a new "auto" parameter which falls back to
a standard copy if creating a copy-on-write clone is not possible.
** Changes in behavior
tail -f now ignores "-" when stdin is a pipe or FIFO.
tail-with-no-args now ignores -f unconditionally when stdin is a pipe or FIFO.
Before, it would ignore -f only when no file argument was specified,
and then only when POSIXLY_CORRECT was set. Now, :|tail -f - terminates
immediately. Before, it would block indefinitely.
* Noteworthy changes in release 7.5 (2009-08-20) [stable]
** Bug fixes
dd's oflag=direct option now works even when the size of the input
is not a multiple of e.g., 512 bytes.
dd now handles signals consistently even when they're received
before data copying has started.
install runs faster again with SELinux enabled
[introduced in coreutils-7.0]
ls -1U (with two or more arguments, at least one a nonempty directory)
would print entry names *before* the name of the containing directory.
Also fixed incorrect output of ls -1RU and ls -1sU.
[introduced in coreutils-7.0]
sort now correctly ignores fields whose ending position is specified
before the start position. Previously in numeric mode the remaining
part of the line after the start position was used as the sort key.
[This bug appears to have been present in "the beginning".]
truncate -s failed to skip all whitespace in the option argument in
some locales.
** New programs
stdbuf: A new program to run a command with modified stdio buffering
for its standard streams.
** Changes in behavior
ls --color: files with multiple hard links are no longer colored differently
by default. That can be enabled by changing the LS_COLORS environment
variable. You can control that using the MULTIHARDLINK dircolors input
variable which corresponds to the 'mh' LS_COLORS item. Note these variables
were renamed from 'HARDLINK' and 'hl' which were available since
coreutils-7.1 when this feature was introduced.
** Deprecated options
nl --page-increment: deprecated in favor of --line-increment, the new option
maintains the previous semantics and the same short option, -i.
** New features
chroot now accepts the options --userspec and --groups.
cp accepts a new option, --reflink: create a lightweight copy
using copy-on-write (COW). This is currently only supported within
a btrfs file system.
cp now preserves time stamps on symbolic links, when possible
sort accepts a new option, --human-numeric-sort (-h): sort numbers
while honoring human readable suffixes like KiB and MB etc.
tail --follow now uses inotify when possible, to be more responsive
to file changes and more efficient when monitoring many files.
* Noteworthy changes in release 7.4 (2009-05-07) [stable]
** Bug fixes
date -d 'next mon', when run on a Monday, now prints the date
7 days in the future rather than the current day. Same for any other
day-of-the-week name, when run on that same day of the week.
[This bug appears to have been present in "the beginning". ]
date -d tuesday, when run on a Tuesday -- using date built from the 7.3
release tarball, not from git -- would print the date 7 days in the future.
Now, it works properly and prints the current date. That was due to
human error (including not-committed changes in a release tarball)
and the fact that there is no check to detect when the gnulib/ git
submodule is dirty.
** Build-related
make check: two tests have been corrected
** Portability
There have been some ACL-related portability fixes for *BSD,
inherited from gnulib.
* Noteworthy changes in release 7.3 (2009-05-01) [stable]
** Bug fixes
cp now diagnoses failure to preserve selinux/xattr attributes when
--preserve=context,xattr is specified in combination with -a.
Also, cp no longer suppresses attribute-preservation diagnostics
when preserving SELinux context was explicitly requested.
ls now aligns output correctly in the presence of abbreviated month
names from the locale database that have differing widths.
ls -v and sort -V now order names like "#.b#" properly
mv: do not print diagnostics when failing to preserve xattr's on file
systems without xattr support.
sort -m no longer segfaults when its output file is also an input file.
E.g., with this, touch 1; sort -m -o 1 1, sort would segfault.
[introduced in coreutils-7.2]
** Changes in behavior
shred, sort, shuf: now use an internal pseudorandom generator by default.
This is mainly noticeable in shred where the 3 random passes it does by
default should proceed at the speed of the disk. Previously /dev/urandom
was used if available, which is relatively slow on GNU/Linux systems.
** Improved robustness
cp would exit successfully after copying less than the full contents
of a file larger than ~4000 bytes from a linux-/proc file system to a
destination file system with a fundamental block size of 4KiB or greater.
Reading into a 4KiB-or-larger buffer, cp's "read" syscall would return
a value smaller than 4096, and cp would interpret that as EOF (POSIX
allows this). This optimization, now removed, saved 50% of cp's read
syscalls when copying small files. Affected linux kernels: at least
2.6.9 through 2.6.29.
[the optimization was introduced in coreutils-6.0]
** Portability
df now pre-mounts automountable directories even with automounters for
which stat-like syscalls no longer provoke mounting. Now, df uses open.
'id -G $USER' now works correctly even on Darwin and NetBSD. Previously it
would either truncate the group list to 10, or go into an infinite loop,
due to their non-standard getgrouplist implementations.
[truncation introduced in coreutils-6.11]
[infinite loop introduced in coreutils-7.1]
* Noteworthy changes in release 7.2 (2009-03-31) [stable]
** New features
pwd now accepts the options --logical (-L) and --physical (-P). For
compatibility with existing scripts, -P is the default behavior
unless POSIXLY_CORRECT is requested.
** Bug fixes
cat once again immediately outputs data it has processed.
Previously it would have been buffered and only output if enough
data was read, or on process exit.
[bug introduced in coreutils-6.0]
comm's new --check-order option would fail to detect disorder on any pair
of lines where one was a prefix of the other. For example, this would
fail to report the disorder: printf 'Xb\nX\n'>k; comm --check-order k k
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.0]
cp once again diagnoses the invalid "cp -rl dir dir" right away,
rather than after creating a very deep dir/dir/dir/... hierarchy.
The bug strikes only with both --recursive (-r, -R) and --link (-l).
[bug introduced in coreutils-7.1]
ls --sort=version (-v) sorted names beginning with "." inconsistently.
Now, names that start with "." are always listed before those that don't.
pr: fix the bug whereby --indent=N (-o) did not indent header lines
[bug introduced in coreutils-6.9.90]
sort now handles specified key ends correctly.
Previously -k1,1b would have caused leading space from field 2 to be
included in the sort while -k2,3.0 would have not included field 3.
** Changes in behavior
cat,cp,install,mv,split: these programs now read and write a minimum
of 32KiB at a time. This was seen to double throughput when reading
cached files on GNU/Linux-based systems.
cp -a now tries to preserve extended attributes (xattr), but does not
diagnose xattr-preservation failure. However, cp --preserve=all still does.
ls --color: hard link highlighting can be now disabled by changing the
LS_COLORS environment variable. To disable it you can add something like
this to your profile: eval `dircolors | sed s/hl=[^:]*:/hl=:/`
* Noteworthy changes in release 7.1 (2009-02-21) [stable]
** New features
Add extended attribute support available on certain filesystems like ext2
and XFS.
cp: Tries to copy xattrs when --preserve=xattr or --preserve=all specified
mv: Always tries to copy xattrs
install: Never copies xattrs
cp and mv accept a new option, --no-clobber (-n): silently refrain
from overwriting any existing destination file
dd accepts iflag=cio and oflag=cio to open the file in CIO (concurrent I/O)
mode where this feature is available.
install accepts a new option, --compare (-C): compare each pair of source
and destination files, and if the destination has identical content and
any specified owner, group, permissions, and possibly SELinux context, then
do not modify the destination at all.
ls --color now highlights hard linked files, too
stat -f recognizes the Lustre file system type
** Bug fixes
chgrp, chmod, chown --silent (--quiet, -f) no longer print some diagnostics
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.1]
cp uses much less memory in some situations
cp -a now correctly tries to preserve SELinux context (announced in 6.9.90),
doesn't inform about failure, unlike with --preserve=all
du --files0-from=FILE no longer reads all of FILE into RAM before
processing the first file name
seq 9223372036854775807 9223372036854775808 now prints only two numbers
on systems with extended long double support and good library support.
Even with this patch, on some systems, it still produces invalid output,
from 3 to at least 1026 lines long. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.11]
seq -w now accounts for a decimal point added to the last number
to correctly print all numbers to the same width.
wc --files0-from=FILE no longer reads all of FILE into RAM, before
processing the first file name, unless the list of names is known
to be small enough.
** Changes in behavior
cp and mv: the --reply={yes,no,query} option has been removed.
Using it has elicited a warning for the last three years.
dd: user specified offsets that are too big are handled better.
Previously, erroneous parameters to skip and seek could result
in redundant reading of the file with no warnings or errors.
du: -H (initially equivalent to --si) is now equivalent to
--dereference-args, and thus works as POSIX requires
shred: now does 3 overwrite passes by default rather than 25.
ls -l now marks SELinux-only files with the less obtrusive '.',
rather than '+'. A file with any other combination of MAC and ACL
is still marked with a '+'.
* Noteworthy changes in release 7.0 (2008-10-05) [beta]
** New programs
timeout: Run a command with bounded time.
truncate: Set the size of a file to a specified size.
** New features
chgrp, chmod, chown, chcon, du, rm: now all display linear performance,
even when operating on million-entry directories on ext3 and ext4 file
systems. Before, they would exhibit O(N^2) performance, due to linear
per-entry seek time cost when operating on entries in readdir order.
Rm was improved directly, while the others inherit the improvement
from the newer version of fts in gnulib.
comm now verifies that the inputs are in sorted order. This check can
be turned off with the --nocheck-order option.
comm accepts new option, --output-delimiter=STR, that allows specification
of an output delimiter other than the default single TAB.
cp and mv: the deprecated --reply=X option is now also undocumented.
dd accepts iflag=fullblock to make it accumulate full input blocks.
With this new option, after a short read, dd repeatedly calls read,
until it fills the incomplete block, reaches EOF, or encounters an error.
df accepts a new option --total, which produces a grand total of all
arguments after all arguments have been processed.
If the GNU MP library is available at configure time, factor and
expr support arbitrarily large numbers. Pollard's rho algorithm is
used to factor large numbers.
install accepts a new option --strip-program to specify the program used to
strip binaries.
ls now colorizes files with capabilities if libcap is available
ls -v now uses filevercmp function as sort predicate (instead of strverscmp)
md5sum now accepts the new option, --quiet, to suppress the printing of
'OK' messages. sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum, and sha512sum accept it, too.
sort accepts a new option, --files0-from=F, that specifies a file
containing a null-separated list of files to sort. This list is used
instead of filenames passed on the command-line to avoid problems with
maximum command-line (argv) length.
sort accepts a new option --batch-size=NMERGE, where NMERGE
represents the maximum number of inputs that will be merged at once.
When processing more than NMERGE inputs, sort uses temporary files.
sort accepts a new option --version-sort (-V, --sort=version),
specifying that ordering is to be based on filevercmp.
** Bug fixes
chcon --verbose now prints a newline after each message
od no longer suffers from platform bugs in printf(3). This is
probably most noticeable when using 'od -tfL' to print long doubles.
seq -0.1 0.1 2 now prints 2,0 when locale's decimal point is ",".
Before, it would mistakenly omit the final number in that example.
shuf honors the --zero-terminated (-z) option, even with --input-range=LO-HI
shuf --head-count is now correctly documented. The documentation
previously claimed it was called --head-lines.
** Improvements
Improved support for access control lists (ACLs): On MacOS X, Solaris 7..10,
HP-UX 11, Tru64, AIX, IRIX 6.5, and Cygwin, "ls -l" now displays the presence
of an ACL on a file via a '+' sign after the mode, and "cp -p" copies ACLs.
join has significantly better performance due to better memory management
ls now uses constant memory when not sorting and using one_per_line format,
no matter how many files are in a given directory. I.e., to list a directory
with very many files, ls -1U is much more efficient.
od now aligns fields across lines when printing multiple -t
specifiers, and no longer prints fields that resulted entirely from
padding the input out to the least common multiple width.
** Changes in behavior
stat's --context (-Z) option has always been a no-op.
Now it evokes a warning that it is obsolete and will be removed.
* Noteworthy changes in release 6.12 (2008-05-31) [stable]
** New features
cp, install, mv, and touch now preserve nanosecond resolution on
file timestamps, on platforms that have the 'utimensat' and
'futimens' system calls.
** Bug fixes
chcon, runcon: --help output now includes the bug-reporting address
cp -p copies permissions more portably. For example, on MacOS X 10.5,
"cp -p some-fifo some-file" no longer fails while trying to copy the
permissions from the some-fifo argument.
id with no options now prints the SELinux context only when invoked
with no USERNAME argument.
id and groups once again print the AFS-specific nameless group-ID (PAG).
Printing of such large-numbered, kernel-only (not in /etc/group) group-IDs
was suppressed in 6.11 due to ignorance that they are useful.
uniq: avoid subtle field-skipping malfunction due to isblank misuse.
In some locales on some systems, isblank(240) (aka  ) is nonzero.
On such systems, uniq --skip-fields=N would fail to skip the proper
number of fields for some inputs.
tac: avoid segfault with --regex (-r) and multiple files, e.g.,
"echo > x; tac -r x x". [bug present at least in textutils-1.8b, from 1992]
** Changes in behavior
install once again sets SELinux context, when possible
[it was deliberately disabled in 6.9.90]
* Noteworthy changes in release 6.11 (2008-04-19) [stable]
** Bug fixes
configure --enable-no-install-program=groups now works.
"cp -fR fifo E" now succeeds with an existing E. Before this fix, using
-fR to copy a fifo or "special" file onto an existing file would fail
with EEXIST. Now, it once again unlinks the destination before trying
to create the destination file. [bug introduced in coreutils-5.90]
dd once again works with unnecessary options like if=/dev/stdin and
of=/dev/stdout. [bug introduced in fileutils-4.0h]
id now uses getgrouplist, when possible. This results in
much better performance when there are many users and/or groups.
ls no longer segfaults on files in /proc when linked with an older version
of libselinux. E.g., ls -l /proc/sys would dereference a NULL pointer.
md5sum would segfault for invalid BSD-style input, e.g.,
echo 'MD5 (' | md5sum -c - Now, md5sum ignores that line.
sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum, and sha512sum are affected, too.
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.1.0]
md5sum -c would accept a NUL-containing checksum string like "abcd\0..."
and would unnecessarily read and compute the checksum of the named file,
and then compare that checksum to the invalid one: guaranteed to fail.
Now, it recognizes that the line is not valid and skips it.
sha1sum, sha224sum, sha384sum, and sha512sum are affected, too.
[bug present in the original version, in coreutils-4.5.1, 1995]
"mkdir -Z x dir" no longer segfaults when diagnosing invalid context "x"
mkfifo and mknod would fail similarly. Now they're fixed.
mv would mistakenly unlink a destination file before calling rename,
when the destination had two or more hard links. It no longer does that.
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.3.0]
"paste -d'\' file" no longer overruns memory (heap since coreutils-5.1.2,
stack before then) [bug present in the original version, in 1992]
"pr -e" with a mix of backspaces and TABs no longer corrupts the heap
[bug present in the original version, in 1992]
"ptx -F'\' long-file-name" would overrun a malloc'd buffer and corrupt
the heap. That was triggered by a lone backslash (or odd number of them)
at the end of the option argument to --flag-truncation=STRING (-F),
--word-regexp=REGEXP (-W), or --sentence-regexp=REGEXP (-S).
"rm -r DIR" would mistakenly declare to be "write protected" -- and
prompt about -- full DIR-relative names longer than MIN (PATH_MAX, 8192).
"rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty" detects and ignores the failure
in more cases when a directory is empty.
"seq -f % 1" would issue the erroneous diagnostic "seq: memory exhausted"
rather than reporting the invalid string format.
[bug introduced in coreutils-6.0]
** New features
join now verifies that the inputs are in sorted order. This check can
be turned off with the --nocheck-order option.
sort accepts the new option --sort=WORD, where WORD can be one of
general-numeric, month, numeric or random. These are equivalent to the
options --general-numeric-sort/-g, --month-sort/-M, --numeric-sort/-n
and --random-sort/-R, resp.
** Improvements
id and groups work around an AFS-related bug whereby those programs
would print an invalid group number, when given no user-name argument.
ls --color no longer outputs unnecessary escape sequences
seq gives better diagnostics for invalid formats.
** Portability
rm now works properly even on systems like BeOS and Haiku,
which have negative errno values.
** Consistency
install, mkdir, rmdir and split now write --verbose output to stdout,
not to stderr.
* Noteworthy changes in release 6.10 (2008-01-22) [stable]
** Bug fixes
Fix a non-portable use of sed in configure.ac.
[bug introduced in coreutils-6.9.92]
* Noteworthy changes in release 6.9.92 (2008-01-12) [beta]
** Bug fixes
cp --parents no longer uses uninitialized memory when restoring the
permissions of a just-created destination directory.
[bug introduced in coreutils-6.9.90]
tr's case conversion would fail in a locale with differing numbers
of lower case and upper case characters. E.g., this would fail:
env LC_CTYPE=en_US.ISO-8859-1 tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'
[bug introduced in coreutils-6.9.90]
** Improvements
"touch -d now writable-but-owned-by-someone-else" now succeeds
whenever that same command would succeed without "-d now".
Before, it would work fine with no -d option, yet it would
fail with the ostensibly-equivalent "-d now".
* Noteworthy changes in release 6.9.91 (2007-12-15) [beta]
** Bug fixes
"ls -l" would not output "+" on SELinux hosts unless -Z was also given.
"rm" would fail to unlink a non-directory when run in an environment
in which the user running rm is capable of unlinking a directory.
[bug introduced in coreutils-6.9]
* Noteworthy changes in release 6.9.90 (2007-12-01) [beta]
** New programs
arch: equivalent to uname -m, not installed by default
But don't install this program on Solaris systems.
chcon: change the SELinux security context of a file
mktemp: create a temporary file or directory (or names)
runcon: run a program in a different SELinux security context
** Programs no longer installed by default
hostname, su
** Changes in behavior
cp, by default, refuses to copy through a dangling destination symlink
Set POSIXLY_CORRECT if you require the old, risk-prone behavior.
pr -F no longer suppresses the footer or the first two blank lines in
the header. This is for compatibility with BSD and POSIX.
tr now warns about an unescaped backslash at end of string.
The tr from coreutils-5.2.1 and earlier would fail for such usage,
and Solaris' tr ignores that final byte.
** New features
Add SELinux support, based on the patch from Fedora:
* cp accepts new --preserve=context option.
* "cp -a" works with SELinux:
Now, cp -a attempts to preserve context, but failure to do so does
not change cp's exit status. However "cp --preserve=context" is
similar, but failure *does* cause cp to exit with nonzero status.
* install accepts new "-Z, --context=C" option.
* id accepts new "-Z" option.
* stat honors the new %C format directive: SELinux security context string
* ls accepts a slightly modified -Z option.
* ls: contrary to Fedora version, does not accept --lcontext and --scontext
The following commands and options now support the standard size
suffixes kB, M, MB, G, GB, and so on for T, P, Y, Z, and Y:
head -c, head -n, od -j, od -N, od -S, split -b, split -C,
tail -c, tail -n.
cp -p tries to preserve the GID of a file even if preserving the UID
is not possible.
uniq accepts a new option: --zero-terminated (-z). As with the sort
option of the same name, this makes uniq consume and produce
NUL-terminated lines rather than newline-terminated lines.
wc no longer warns about character decoding errors in multibyte locales.
This means for example that "wc /bin/sh" now produces normal output
(though the word count will have no real meaning) rather than many
error messages.
** New build options
By default, "make install" no longer attempts to install (or even build) su.
To change that, use ./configure --enable-install-program=su.
If you also want to install the new "arch" program, do this:
./configure --enable-install-program=arch,su.
You can inhibit the compilation and installation of selected programs
at configure time. For example, to avoid installing "hostname" and
"uptime", use ./configure --enable-no-install-program=hostname,uptime
Note: currently, "make check" passes, even when arch and su are not
built (that's the new default). However, if you inhibit the building
and installation of other programs, don't be surprised if some parts
of "make check" fail.
** Remove deprecated options
df no longer accepts the --kilobytes option.
du no longer accepts the --kilobytes or --megabytes options.
ls no longer accepts the --kilobytes option.
ptx longer accepts the --copyright option.
who no longer accepts -i or --idle.
** Improved robustness
ln -f can no longer silently clobber a just-created hard link.
In some cases, ln could be seen as being responsible for data loss.
For example, given directories a, b, c, and files a/f and b/f, we
should be able to do this safely: ln -f a/f b/f c && rm -f a/f b/f
However, before this change, ln would succeed, and thus cause the
loss of the contents of a/f.
stty no longer silently accepts certain invalid hex values
in its 35-colon command-line argument
** Bug fixes
chmod no longer ignores a dangling symlink. Now, chmod fails
with a diagnostic saying that it cannot operate on such a file.
[bug introduced in coreutils-5.1.0]
cp attempts to read a regular file, even if stat says it is empty.
Before, "cp /proc/cpuinfo c" would create an empty file when the kernel
reports stat.st_size == 0, while "cat /proc/cpuinfo > c" would "work",
and create a nonempty one. [bug introduced in coreutils-6.0]
cp --parents no longer mishandles symlinks to directories in file
name components in the source, e.g., "cp --parents symlink/a/b d"
no longer fails. Also, 'cp' no longer considers a destination
symlink to be the same as the referenced file when copying links
or making backups. For example, if SYM is a symlink to FILE,
"cp -l FILE SYM" now reports an error instead of silently doing
nothing. The behavior of 'cp' is now better documented when the
destination is a symlink.
"cp -i --update older newer" no longer prompts; same for mv
"cp -i" now detects read errors on standard input, and no longer consumes
too much seekable input; same for ln, install, mv, and rm.
cut now diagnoses a range starting with zero (e.g., -f 0-2) as invalid;
before, it would treat it as if it started with 1 (-f 1-2).
"cut -f 2-0" now fails; before, it was equivalent to "cut -f 2-"
cut now diagnoses the '-' in "cut -f -" as an invalid range, rather
than interpreting it as the unlimited range, "1-".
date -d now accepts strings of the form e.g., 'YYYYMMDD +N days',
in addition to the usual 'YYYYMMDD N days'.
du -s now includes the size of any stat'able-but-inaccessible directory
in the total size.
du (without -s) prints whatever it knows of the size of an inaccessible
directory. Before, du would print nothing for such a directory.
ls -x DIR would sometimes output the wrong string in place of the
first entry. [introduced in coreutils-6.8]
ls --color would mistakenly color a dangling symlink as if it were
a regular symlink. This would happen only when the dangling symlink
was not a command-line argument and in a directory with d_type support.
[introduced in coreutils-6.0]
ls --color, (with a custom LS_COLORS envvar value including the
ln=target attribute) would mistakenly output the string "target"
before the name of each symlink. [introduced in coreutils-6.0]
od's --skip (-j) option now works even when the kernel says that a
nonempty regular file has stat.st_size = 0. This happens at least
with files in /proc and linux-2.6.22.
"od -j L FILE" had a bug: when the number of bytes to skip, L, is exactly
the same as the length of FILE, od would skip *no* bytes. When the number
of bytes to skip is exactly the sum of the lengths of the first N files,
od would skip only the first N-1 files. [introduced in textutils-2.0.9]
./printf %.10000000f 1 could get an internal ENOMEM error and generate
no output, yet erroneously exit with status 0. Now it diagnoses the error
and exits with nonzero status. [present in initial implementation]
seq no longer mishandles obvious cases like "seq 0 0.000001 0.000003",
so workarounds like "seq 0 0.000001 0.0000031" are no longer needed.
seq would mistakenly reject some valid format strings containing %%,
and would mistakenly accept some invalid ones. e.g., %g%% and %%g, resp.
"seq .1 .1" would mistakenly generate no output on some systems
Obsolete sort usage with an invalid ordering-option character, e.g.,
"env _POSIX2_VERSION=199209 sort +1x" no longer makes sort free an
invalid pointer [introduced in coreutils-6.5]
sorting very long lines (relative to the amount of available memory)
no longer provokes unaligned memory access
split --line-bytes=N (-C N) no longer creates an empty file
[this bug is present at least as far back as textutils-1.22 (Jan, 1997)]
tr -c no longer aborts when translating with Set2 larger than the
complement of Set1. [present in the original version, in 1992]
tr no longer rejects an unmatched [:lower:] or [:upper:] in SET1.
[present in the original version]
* Noteworthy changes in release 6.9 (2007-03-22) [stable]
** Bug fixes
cp -x (--one-file-system) would fail to set mount point permissions
The default block size and output format for df -P are now unaffected by
the DF_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE, and BLOCKSIZE environment variables. It
is still affected by POSIXLY_CORRECT, though.
Using pr -m -s (i.e., merging files, with TAB as the output separator)
no longer inserts extraneous spaces between output columns.
* Noteworthy changes in release 6.8 (2007-02-24) [not-unstable]
** Bug fixes
chgrp, chmod, and chown now honor the --preserve-root option.
Before, they would warn, yet continuing traversing and operating on /.
chmod no longer fails in an environment (e.g., a chroot) with openat
support but with insufficient /proc support.
"cp --parents F/G D" no longer creates a directory D/F when F is not
a directory (and F/G is therefore invalid).
"cp --preserve=mode" would create directories that briefly had
too-generous permissions in some cases. For example, when copying a
directory with permissions 777 the destination directory might
temporarily be setgid on some file systems, which would allow other
users to create subfiles with the same group as the directory. Fix
similar problems with 'install' and 'mv'.
cut no longer dumps core for usage like "cut -f2- f1 f2" with two or
more file arguments. This was due to a double-free bug, introduced
in coreutils-5.3.0.
dd bs= operands now silently override any later ibs= and obs=
operands, as POSIX and tradition require.
"ls -FRL" always follows symbolic links on Linux. Introduced in
coreutils-6.0.
A cross-partition "mv /etc/passwd ~" (by non-root) now prints
a reasonable diagnostic. Before, it would print this:
"mv: cannot remove `/etc/passwd': Not a directory".
pwd and "readlink -e ." no longer fail unnecessarily when a parent
directory is unreadable.
rm (without -f) could prompt when it shouldn't, or fail to prompt
when it should, when operating on a full name longer than 511 bytes
and getting an ENOMEM error while trying to form the long name.
rm could mistakenly traverse into the wrong directory under unusual
conditions: when a full name longer than 511 bytes specifies a search-only
directory, and when forming that name fails with ENOMEM, rm would attempt
to open a truncated-to-511-byte name with the first five bytes replaced
with "[...]". If such a directory were to actually exist, rm would attempt
to remove it.
"rm -rf /etc/passwd" (run by non-root) now prints a diagnostic.
Before it would print nothing.
"rm --interactive=never F" no longer prompts for an unwritable F
"rm -rf D" would emit a misleading diagnostic when failing to
remove a symbolic link within the unwritable directory, D.
Introduced in coreutils-6.0. Similarly, when a cross-partition
"mv" fails because the source directory is unwritable, it now gives
a reasonable diagnostic. Before, this would print
$ mkdir /tmp/x; touch /tmp/x/y; chmod -w /tmp/x;
$ test $(stat -c %d /tmp/x) -ne $(stat -c %d .) && mv /tmp/x/y .
mv: cannot remove `/tmp/x/y': Not a directory
Now it prints this:
mv: cannot remove `/tmp/x/y': Permission denied.
** New features
sort's new --compress-program=PROG option specifies a compression
program to use when writing and reading temporary files.
This can help save both time and disk space when sorting large inputs.
sort accepts the new option -C, which acts like -c except no diagnostic
is printed. Its --check option now accepts an optional argument, and
--check=quiet and --check=silent are now aliases for -C, while
--check=diagnose-first is an alias for -c or plain --check.
* Noteworthy changes in release 6.7 (2006-12-08) [stable]
** Bug fixes
When cp -p copied a file with special mode bits set, the same bits
were set on the copy even when ownership could not be preserved.
This could result in files that were setuid to the wrong user.
To fix this, special mode bits are now set in the copy only if its
ownership is successfully preserved. Similar problems were fixed
with mv when copying across file system boundaries. This problem
affects all versions of coreutils through 6.6.
cp --preserve=ownership would create output files that temporarily
had too-generous permissions in some cases. For example, when
copying a file with group A and mode 644 into a group-B sticky
directory, the output file was briefly readable by group B.
Fix similar problems with cp options like -p that imply
--preserve=ownership, with install -d when combined with either -o
or -g, and with mv when copying across file system boundaries.
This bug affects all versions of coreutils through 6.6.
du --one-file-system (-x) would skip subdirectories of any directory
listed as second or subsequent command line argument. This bug affects
coreutils-6.4, 6.5 and 6.6.
* Noteworthy changes in release 6.6 (2006-11-22) [stable]
** Bug fixes
ls would segfault (dereference a NULL pointer) for a file with a
nameless group or owner. This bug was introduced in coreutils-6.5.
A bug in the latest official m4/gettext.m4 (from gettext-0.15)
made configure fail to detect gettext support, due to the unusual
way in which coreutils uses AM_GNU_GETTEXT.
** Improved robustness
Now, du (and the other fts clients: chmod, chgrp, chown) honor a
trailing slash in the name of a symlink-to-directory even on
Solaris 9, by working around its buggy fstatat implementation.
* Major changes in release 6.5 (2006-11-19) [stable]
** Bug fixes
du (and the other fts clients: chmod, chgrp, chown) would exit early
when encountering an inaccessible directory on a system with native
openat support (i.e., linux-2.6.16 or newer along with glibc-2.4
or newer). This bug was introduced with the switch to gnulib's
openat-based variant of fts, for coreutils-6.0.
"ln --backup f f" now produces a sensible diagnostic
** New features
rm accepts a new option: --one-file-system
* Major changes in release 6.4 (2006-10-22) [stable]
** Bug fixes
chgrp and chown would malfunction when invoked with both -R and -H and
with one or more of the following: --preserve-root, --verbose, --changes,
--from=o:g (chown only). This bug was introduced with the switch to
gnulib's openat-based variant of fts, for coreutils-6.0.
cp --backup dir1 dir2, would rename an existing dir2/dir1 to dir2/dir1~.
This bug was introduced in coreutils-6.0.
With --force (-f), rm no longer fails for ENOTDIR.
For example, "rm -f existing-non-directory/anything" now exits
successfully, ignoring the error about a nonexistent file.
* Major changes in release 6.3 (2006-09-30) [stable]
** Improved robustness
pinky no longer segfaults on Darwin 7.9.0 (MacOS X 10.3.9) due to a
buggy native getaddrinfo function.
rm works around a bug in Darwin 7.9.0 (MacOS X 10.3.9) that would
sometimes keep it from removing all entries in a directory on an HFS+
or NFS-mounted partition.
sort would fail to handle very large input (around 40GB) on systems with a
mkstemp function that returns a file descriptor limited to 32-bit offsets.
** Bug fixes
chmod would fail unnecessarily in an unusual case: when an initially-
inaccessible argument is rendered accessible by chmod's action on a
preceding command line argument. This bug also affects chgrp, but
it is harder to demonstrate. It does not affect chown. The bug was
introduced with the switch from explicit recursion to the use of fts
in coreutils-5.1.0 (2003-10-15).
cp -i and mv -i occasionally neglected to prompt when the copy or move
action was bound to fail. This bug dates back to before fileutils-4.0.
With --verbose (-v), cp and mv would sometimes generate no output,
or neglect to report file removal.
For the "groups" command:
"groups" no longer prefixes the output with "user :" unless more
than one user is specified; this is for compatibility with BSD.
"groups user" now exits nonzero when it gets a write error.
"groups" now processes options like --help more compatibly.
shuf would infloop, given 8KB or more of piped input
** Portability
Versions of chmod, chown, chgrp, du, and rm (tools that use openat etc.)
compiled for Solaris 8 now also work when run on Solaris 10.
* Major changes in release 6.2 (2006-09-18) [stable candidate]
** Changes in behavior
mkdir -p and install -d (or -D) now use a method that forks a child
process if the working directory is unreadable and a later argument
uses a relative file name. This avoids some race conditions, but it
means you may need to kill two processes to stop these programs.
rm now rejects attempts to remove the root directory, e.g., 'rm -fr /'
now fails without removing anything. Likewise for any file name with
a final './' or '../' component.
tail now ignores the -f option if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, no file
operand is given, and standard input is any FIFO; formerly it did
this only for pipes.
** Infrastructure changes
Coreutils now uses gnulib via the gnulib-tool script.
If you check the source out from CVS, then follow the instructions
in README-cvs. Although this represents a large change to the
infrastructure, it should cause no change in how the tools work.
** Bug fixes
cp --backup no longer fails when the last component of a source file
name is "." or "..".
"ls --color" would highlight other-writable and sticky directories
no differently than regular directories on a file system with
dirent.d_type support.
"mv -T --verbose --backup=t A B" now prints the " (backup: B.~1~)"
suffix when A and B are directories as well as when they are not.
mv and "cp -r" no longer fail when invoked with two arguments
where the first one names a directory and the second name ends in
a slash and doesn't exist. E.g., "mv dir B/", for nonexistent B,
now succeeds, once more. This bug was introduced in coreutils-5.3.0.
* Major changes in release 6.1 (2006-08-19) [unstable]
** Changes in behavior
df now considers BSD "kernfs" file systems to be dummies
** New features
printf now supports the 'I' flag on hosts whose underlying printf
implementations support 'I', e.g., "printf %Id 2".
** Bug fixes
cp --sparse preserves sparseness at the end of a file, even when
the file's apparent size is not a multiple of its block size.
[introduced with the original design, in fileutils-4.0r, 2000-04-29]
df (with a command line argument) once again prints its header
[introduced in coreutils-6.0]
ls -CF would misalign columns in some cases involving non-stat'able files
[introduced in coreutils-6.0]
* Major changes in release 6.0 (2006-08-15) [unstable]
** Improved robustness
df: if the file system claims to have more available than total blocks,
report the number of used blocks as being "total - available"
(a negative number) rather than as garbage.
dircolors: a new autoconf run-test for AIX's buggy strndup function
prevents malfunction on that system; may also affect cut, expand,
and unexpand.
fts no longer changes the current working directory, so its clients
(chmod, chown, chgrp, du) no longer malfunction under extreme conditions.
pwd and other programs using lib/getcwd.c work even on file systems
where dirent.d_ino values are inconsistent with those from stat.st_ino.
rm's core is now reentrant: rm --recursive (-r) now processes
hierarchies without changing the working directory at all.
** Changes in behavior
basename and dirname now treat // as different from / on platforms
where the two are distinct.
chmod, install, and mkdir now preserve a directory's set-user-ID and
set-group-ID bits unless you explicitly request otherwise. E.g.,
'chmod 755 DIR' and 'chmod u=rwx,go=rx DIR' now preserve DIR's
set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits instead of clearing them, and
similarly for 'mkdir -m 755 DIR' and 'mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx DIR'. To
clear the bits, mention them explicitly in a symbolic mode, e.g.,
'mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx,-s DIR'. To set them, mention them explicitly
in either a symbolic or a numeric mode, e.g., 'mkdir -m 2755 DIR',
'mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx,g+s' DIR. This change is for convenience on
systems where these bits inherit from parents. Unfortunately other
operating systems are not consistent here, and portable scripts
cannot assume the bits are set, cleared, or preserved, even when the
bits are explicitly mentioned. For example, OpenBSD 3.9 'mkdir -m
777 D' preserves D's setgid bit but 'chmod 777 D' clears it.
Conversely, Solaris 10 'mkdir -m 777 D', 'mkdir -m g-s D', and
'chmod 0777 D' all preserve D's setgid bit, and you must use
something like 'chmod g-s D' to clear it.
'cp --link --no-dereference' now works also on systems where the
link system call cannot create a hard link to a symbolic link.
This change has no effect on systems with a Linux-based kernel.
csplit and nl now use POSIX syntax for regular expressions, not
Emacs syntax. As a result, character classes like [[:print:]] and
interval expressions like A\{1,9\} now have their usual meaning,
. no longer matches the null character, and \ must precede the + and
? operators.
date: a command like date -d '2006-04-23 21 days ago' would print
the wrong date in some time zones. (see the test for an example)
df changes:
df now considers "none" and "proc" file systems to be dummies and
therefore does not normally display them. Also, inaccessible file
systems (which can be caused by shadowed mount points or by
chrooted bind mounts) are now dummies, too.
df now fails if it generates no output, so you can inspect the
exit status of a command like "df -t ext3 -t reiserfs DIR" to test
whether DIR is on a file system of type "ext3" or "reiserfs".
expr no longer complains about leading ^ in a regular expression
(the anchor is ignored), or about regular expressions like A** (the
second "*" is ignored). expr now exits with status 2 (not 3) for
errors it detects in the expression's values; exit status 3 is now
used only for internal errors (such as integer overflow, which expr
now checks for).
install and mkdir now implement the X permission symbol correctly,
e.g., 'mkdir -m a+X dir'; previously the X was ignored.
install now creates parent directories with mode u=rwx,go=rx (755)
instead of using the mode specified by the -m option; and it does
not change the owner or group of parent directories. This is for
compatibility with BSD and closes some race conditions.
ln now uses different (and we hope clearer) diagnostics when it fails.
ln -v now acts more like FreeBSD, so it generates output only when
successful and the output is easier to parse.
ls now defaults to --time-style='locale', not --time-style='posix-long-iso'.
However, the 'locale' time style now behaves like 'posix-long-iso'
if your locale settings appear to be messed up. This change
attempts to have the default be the best of both worlds.
mkfifo and mknod no longer set special mode bits (setuid, setgid,
and sticky) with the -m option.
nohup's usual diagnostic now more precisely specifies the I/O
redirections, e.g., "ignoring input and appending output to
nohup.out". Also, nohup now redirects stderr to nohup.out (or
$HOME/nohup.out) if stdout is closed and stderr is a tty; this is in
response to Open Group XCU ERN 71.
rm --interactive now takes an optional argument, although the
default of using no argument still acts like -i.
rm no longer fails to remove an empty, unreadable directory
seq changes:
seq defaults to a minimal fixed point format that does not lose
information if seq's operands are all fixed point decimal numbers.
You no longer need the '-f%.f' in 'seq -f%.f 1048575 1024 1050623',
for example, since the default format now has the same effect.
seq now lets you use %a, %A, %E, %F, and %G formats.
seq now uses long double internally rather than double.
sort now reports incompatible options (e.g., -i and -n) rather than
silently ignoring one of them.
stat's --format=FMT option now works the way it did before 5.3.0:
FMT is automatically newline terminated. The first stable release
containing this change was 5.92.
stat accepts the new option --printf=FMT, where FMT is *not*
automatically newline terminated.
stat: backslash escapes are interpreted in a format string specified
via --printf=FMT, but not one specified via --format=FMT. That includes
octal (\ooo, at most three octal digits), hexadecimal (\xhh, one or
two hex digits), and the standard sequences (\a, \b, \f, \n, \r, \t,
\v, \", \\).
With no operand, 'tail -f' now silently ignores the '-f' only if
standard input is a FIFO or pipe and POSIXLY_CORRECT is set.
Formerly, it ignored the '-f' when standard input was a FIFO, pipe,
or socket.
** Scheduled for removal
ptx's --copyright (-C) option is scheduled for removal in 2007, and
now evokes a warning. Use --version instead.
rm's --directory (-d) option is scheduled for removal in 2006. This
option has been silently ignored since coreutils 5.0. On systems
that support unlinking of directories, you can use the "unlink"
command to unlink a directory.
Similarly, we are considering the removal of ln's --directory (-d,
-F) option in 2006. Please write to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org> if this
would cause a problem for you. On systems that support hard links
to directories, you can use the "link" command to create one.
** New programs
base64: base64 encoding and decoding (RFC 3548) functionality.
sha224sum: print or check a SHA224 (224-bit) checksum
sha256sum: print or check a SHA256 (256-bit) checksum
sha384sum: print or check a SHA384 (384-bit) checksum
sha512sum: print or check a SHA512 (512-bit) checksum
shuf: Shuffle lines of text.
** New features
chgrp now supports --preserve-root, --no-preserve-root (default),
as it was documented to do, and just as chmod, chown, and rm do.
New dd iflag= and oflag= flags:
'directory' causes dd to fail unless the file is a directory, on
hosts that support this (e.g., Linux kernels, version 2.1.126 and
later). This has limited utility but is present for completeness.
'noatime' causes dd to read a file without updating its access
time, on hosts that support this (e.g., Linux kernels, version
2.6.8 and later).
'nolinks' causes dd to fail if the file has multiple hard links,
on hosts that support this (e.g., Solaris 10 and later).
ls accepts the new option --group-directories-first, to make it
list directories before files.
rm now accepts the -I (--interactive=once) option. This new option
prompts once if rm is invoked recursively or if more than three
files are being deleted, which is less intrusive than -i prompting
for every file, but provides almost the same level of protection
against mistakes.
shred and sort now accept the --random-source option.
sort now accepts the --random-sort (-R) option and 'R' ordering option.
sort now supports obsolete usages like "sort +1 -2" unless
POSIXLY_CORRECT is set. However, when conforming to POSIX
1003.1-2001 "sort +1" still sorts the file named "+1".
wc accepts a new option --files0-from=FILE, where FILE contains a
list of NUL-terminated file names.
** Bug fixes
cat with any of the options, -A -v -e -E -T, when applied to a
file in /proc or /sys (linux-specific), would truncate its output,
usually printing nothing.
cp -p would fail in a /proc-less chroot, on some systems
When 'cp -RL' encounters the same directory more than once in the
hierarchy beneath a single command-line argument, it no longer confuses
them with hard-linked directories.
fts-using tools (chmod, chown, chgrp, du) no longer fail due to
a double-free bug -- it could be triggered by making a directory
inaccessible while e.g., du is traversing the hierarchy under it.
fts-using tools (chmod, chown, chgrp, du) no longer misinterpret
a very long symlink chain as a dangling symlink. Before, such a
misinterpretation would cause these tools not to diagnose an ELOOP error.
ls --indicator-style=file-type would sometimes stat a symlink
unnecessarily.
ls --file-type worked like --indicator-style=slash (-p),
rather than like --indicator-style=file-type.
mv: moving a symlink into the place of an existing non-directory is
now done atomically; before, mv would first unlink the destination.
mv -T DIR EMPTY_DIR no longer fails unconditionally. Also, mv can
now remove an empty destination directory: mkdir -p a b/a; mv a b
rm (on systems with openat) can no longer exit before processing
all command-line arguments.
rm is no longer susceptible to a few low-probability memory leaks.
rm -r no longer fails to remove an inaccessible and empty directory
rm -r's cycle detection code can no longer be tricked into reporting
a false positive (introduced in fileutils-4.1.9).
shred --remove FILE no longer segfaults on Gentoo systems
sort would fail for large inputs (~50MB) on systems with a buggy
mkstemp function. sort and tac now use the replacement mkstemp
function, and hence are no longer subject to limitations (of 26 or 32,
on the maximum number of files from a given template) on HP-UX 10.20,
SunOS 4.1.4, Solaris 2.5.1 and OSF1/Tru64 V4.0F&V5.1.
tail -f once again works on a file with the append-only
attribute (affects at least Linux ext2, ext3, xfs file systems)
* Major changes in release 5.97 (2006-06-24) [stable]
* Major changes in release 5.96 (2006-05-22) [stable]
* Major changes in release 5.95 (2006-05-12) [stable]
* Major changes in release 5.94 (2006-02-13) [stable]
[see the b5_9x branch for details]
* Major changes in release 5.93 (2005-11-06) [stable]
** Bug fixes
dircolors no longer segfaults upon an attempt to use the new
STICKY_OTHER_WRITABLE (OWT) attribute.
du no longer overflows a counter when processing a file larger than
2^31-1 on some 32-bit systems (at least some AIX 5.1 configurations).
md5sum once again defaults to using the ' ' non-binary marker
(rather than the '*' binary marker) by default on Unix-like systems.
mkdir -p and install -d no longer exit nonzero when asked to create
a directory like 'nonexistent/.'
rm emits a better diagnostic when (without -r) it fails to remove
a directory on e.g., Solaris 9/10 systems.
tac now works when stdin is a tty, even on non-Linux systems.
"tail -c 2 FILE" and "touch 0101000000" now operate as POSIX
1003.1-2001 requires, even when coreutils is conforming to older
POSIX standards, as the newly-required behavior is upward-compatible
with the old.
The documentation no longer mentions rm's --directory (-d) option.
** Build-related bug fixes
installing .mo files would fail
* Major changes in release 5.92 (2005-10-22) [stable]
** Bug fixes
chmod now diagnoses an invalid mode string starting with an octal digit
dircolors now properly quotes single-quote characters
* Major changes in release 5.91 (2005-10-17) [stable candidate]
** Bug fixes
"mkdir -p /a/b/c" no longer fails merely because a leading prefix
directory (e.g., /a or /a/b) exists on a read-only file system.
** Removed options
tail's --allow-missing option has been removed. Use --retry instead.
stat's --link and -l options have been removed.
Use --dereference (-L) instead.
** Deprecated options
Using ls, du, or df with the --kilobytes option now evokes a warning
that the long-named option is deprecated. Use '-k' instead.
du's long-named --megabytes option now evokes a warning.
Use -m instead.
* Major changes in release 5.90 (2005-09-29) [unstable]
** Bring back support for 'head -NUM', 'tail -NUM', etc. even when
conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001. The following changes apply only
when conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001; there is no effect when
conforming to older POSIX versions.
The following usages now behave just as when conforming to older POSIX:
date -I
expand -TAB1[,TAB2,...]
fold -WIDTH
head -NUM
join -j FIELD
join -j1 FIELD
join -j2 FIELD
join -o FIELD_NAME1 FIELD_NAME2...
nice -NUM
od -w
pr -S
split -NUM
tail -[NUM][bcl][f] [FILE]
The following usages no longer work, due to the above changes:
date -I TIMESPEC (use 'date -ITIMESPEC' instead)
od -w WIDTH (use 'od -wWIDTH' instead)
pr -S STRING (use 'pr -SSTRING' instead)
A few usages still have behavior that depends on which POSIX standard is
being conformed to, and portable applications should beware these
problematic usages. These include:
Problematic Standard-conforming replacement, depending on
usage whether you prefer the behavior of:
POSIX 1003.2-1992 POSIX 1003.1-2001
sort +4 sort -k 5 sort ./+4
tail +4 tail -n +4 tail ./+4
tail - f tail f [see (*) below]
tail -c 4 tail -c 10 ./4 tail -c4
touch 12312359 f touch -t 12312359 f touch ./12312359 f
uniq +4 uniq -s 4 uniq ./+4
(*) "tail - f" does not conform to POSIX 1003.1-2001; to read
standard input and then "f", use the command "tail -- - f".
These changes are in response to decisions taken in the January 2005
Austin Group standardization meeting. For more details, please see
"Utility Syntax Guidelines" in the Minutes of the January 2005
Meeting <http://www.opengroup.org/austin/docs/austin_239.html>.
** Binary input and output are now implemented more consistently.
These changes affect only platforms like MS-DOS that distinguish
between binary and text files.
The following programs now always use text input/output:
expand unexpand
The following programs now always use binary input/output to copy data:
cp install mv shred
The following programs now always use binary input/output to copy
data, except for stdin and stdout when it is a terminal.
head tac tail tee tr
(cat behaves similarly, unless one of the options -bensAE is used.)
cat's --binary or -B option has been removed. It existed only on
MS-DOS-like platforms, and didn't work as documented there.
md5sum and sha1sum now obey the -b or --binary option, even if
standard input is a terminal, and they no longer report files to be
binary if they actually read them in text mode.
** Changes for better conformance to POSIX
cp, ln, mv, rm changes:
Leading white space is now significant in responses to yes-or-no questions.
For example, if "rm" asks "remove regular file `foo'?" and you respond
with " y" (i.e., space before "y"), it counts as "no".
dd changes:
On a QUIT or PIPE signal, dd now exits without printing statistics.
On hosts lacking the INFO signal, dd no longer treats the USR1
signal as if it were INFO when POSIXLY_CORRECT is set.
If the file F is non-seekable and contains fewer than N blocks,
then before copying "dd seek=N of=F" now extends F with zeroed
blocks until F contains N blocks.
fold changes:
When POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, "fold file -3" is now equivalent to
"fold file ./-3", not the obviously-erroneous "fold file ./-w3".
ls changes:
-p now marks only directories; it is equivalent to the new option
--indicator-style=slash. Use --file-type or
--indicator-style=file-type to get -p's old behavior.
nice changes:
Documentation and diagnostics now refer to "nicenesses" (commonly
in the range -20...19) rather than "nice values" (commonly 0...39).
nohup changes:
nohup now ignores the umask when creating nohup.out.
nohup now closes stderr if it is a terminal and stdout is closed.
nohup now exits with status 127 (not 1) when given an invalid option.
pathchk changes:
It now rejects the empty name in the normal case. That is,
"pathchk -p ''" now fails, and "pathchk ''" fails unless the
current host (contra POSIX) allows empty file names.
The new -P option checks whether a file name component has leading "-",
as suggested in interpretation "Austin-039:XCU:pathchk:pathchk -p"
<http://www.opengroup.org/austin/interps/doc.tpl?gdid=6232>.
It also rejects the empty name even if the current host accepts it; see
<http://www.opengroup.org/austin/interps/doc.tpl?gdid=6233>.
The --portability option is now equivalent to -p -P.
** Bug fixes
chmod, mkdir, mkfifo, and mknod formerly mishandled rarely-used symbolic
permissions like =xX and =u, and did not properly diagnose some invalid
strings like g+gr, ug,+x, and +1. These bugs have been fixed.
csplit could produce corrupt output, given input lines longer than 8KB
dd now computes statistics using a realtime clock (if available)
rather than the time-of-day clock, to avoid glitches if the
time-of-day is changed while dd is running. Also, it avoids
using unsafe code in signal handlers; this fixes some core dumps.
expr and test now correctly compare integers of unlimited magnitude.
expr now detects integer overflow when converting strings to integers,
rather than silently wrapping around.
ls now refuses to generate time stamps containing more than 1000 bytes, to
foil potential denial-of-service attacks on hosts with very large stacks.
"mkdir -m =+x dir" no longer ignores the umask when evaluating "+x",
and similarly for mkfifo and mknod.
"mkdir -p /tmp/a/b dir" no longer attempts to create the '.'-relative
directory, dir (in /tmp/a), when, after creating /tmp/a/b, it is unable
to return to its initial working directory. Similarly for "install -D
file /tmp/a/b/file".
"pr -D FORMAT" now accepts the same formats that "date +FORMAT" does.
stat now exits nonzero if a file operand does not exist
** Improved robustness
Date no longer needs to allocate virtual memory to do its job,
so it can no longer fail due to an out-of-memory condition,
no matter how large the result.
** Improved portability
hostid now prints exactly 8 hexadecimal digits, possibly with leading zeros,
and without any spurious leading "fff..." on 64-bit hosts.
nice now works on Darwin 7.7.0 in spite of its invalid definition of NZERO.
'rm -r' can remove all entries in a directory even when it is on a
file system for which readdir is buggy and that was not checked by
coreutils' old configure-time run-test.
sleep no longer fails when resumed after being suspended on linux-2.6.8.1,
in spite of that kernel's buggy nanosleep implementation.
** New features
chmod -w now complains if its behavior differs from what chmod a-w
would do, and similarly for chmod -r, chmod -x, etc.
cp and mv: the --reply=X option is deprecated
date accepts the new option --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC. The old --iso-8601 (-I)
option is deprecated; it still works, but new applications should avoid it.
date, du, ls, and pr's time formats now support new %:z, %::z, %:::z
specifiers for numeric time zone offsets like -07:00, -07:00:00, and -07.
dd has new iflag= and oflag= flags "binary" and "text", which have an
effect only on nonstandard platforms that distinguish text from binary I/O.
dircolors now supports SETUID, SETGID, STICKY_OTHER_WRITABLE,
OTHER_WRITABLE, and STICKY, with ls providing default colors for these
categories if not specified by dircolors.
du accepts new options: --time[=TYPE] and --time-style=STYLE
join now supports a NUL field separator, e.g., "join -t '\0'".
join now detects and reports incompatible options, e.g., "join -t x -t y",
ls no longer outputs an extra space between the mode and the link count
when none of the listed files has an ACL.
md5sum --check now accepts multiple input files, and similarly for sha1sum.
If stdin is a terminal, nohup now redirects it from /dev/null to
prevent the command from tying up an OpenSSH session after you logout.
"rm -FOO" now suggests "rm ./-FOO" if the file "-FOO" exists and
"-FOO" is not a valid option.
stat -f -c %S outputs the fundamental block size (used for block counts).
stat -f's default output format has been changed to output this size as well.
stat -f recognizes file systems of type XFS and JFS
"touch -" now touches standard output, not a file named "-".
uname -a no longer generates the -p and -i outputs if they are unknown.
* Major changes in release 5.3.0 (2005-01-08) [unstable]
** Bug fixes
Several fixes to chgrp and chown for compatibility with POSIX and BSD:
Do not affect symbolic links by default.
Now, operate on whatever a symbolic link points to, instead.
To get the old behavior, use --no-dereference (-h).
--dereference now works, even when the specified owner
and/or group match those of an affected symlink.
Check for incompatible options. When -R and --dereference are
both used, then either -H or -L must also be used. When -R and -h
are both used, then -P must be in effect.
-H, -L, and -P have no effect unless -R is also specified.
If -P and -R are both specified, -h is assumed.
Do not optimize away the chown() system call when the file's owner
and group already have the desired value. This optimization was
incorrect, as it failed to update the last-changed time and reset
special permission bits, as POSIX requires.
"chown : file", "chown '' file", and "chgrp '' file" now succeed
without changing the uid or gid, instead of reporting an error.
Do not report an error if the owner or group of a
recursively-encountered symbolic link cannot be updated because
the file system does not support it.
chmod now accepts multiple mode-like options, e.g., "chmod -r -w f".
chown is no longer subject to a race condition vulnerability, when
used with --from=O:G and without the (-h) --no-dereference option.
cut's --output-delimiter=D option works with abutting byte ranges.
dircolors's documentation now recommends that shell scripts eval
"`dircolors`" rather than `dircolors`, to avoid shell expansion pitfalls.
du no longer segfaults when a subdirectory of an operand
directory is removed while du is traversing that subdirectory.
Since the bug was in the underlying fts.c module, it also affected
chown, chmod, and chgrp.
du's --exclude-from=FILE and --exclude=P options now compare patterns
against the entire name of each file, rather than against just the
final component.
echo now conforms to POSIX better. It supports the \0ooo syntax for
octal escapes, and \c now terminates printing immediately. If
POSIXLY_CORRECT is set and the first argument is not "-n", echo now
outputs all option-like arguments instead of treating them as options.
expand and unexpand now conform to POSIX better. They check for
blanks (which can include characters other than space and tab in
non-POSIX locales) instead of spaces and tabs. Unexpand now
preserves some blanks instead of converting them to tabs or spaces.
"ln x d/" now reports an error if d/x is a directory and x a file,
instead of incorrectly creating a link to d/x/x.
ls no longer segfaults on systems for which SIZE_MAX != (size_t) -1.
md5sum and sha1sum now report an error when given so many input
lines that their line counter overflows, instead of silently
reporting incorrect results.
Fixes for "nice":
If it fails to lower the niceness due to lack of permissions,
it goes ahead and runs the command anyway, as POSIX requires.
It no longer incorrectly reports an error if the current niceness
happens to be -1.
It no longer assumes that nicenesses range from -20 through 19.
It now consistently adjusts out-of-range nicenesses to the
closest values in range; formerly it sometimes reported an error.
pathchk no longer accepts trailing options, e.g., "pathchk -p foo -b"
now treats -b as a file name to check, not as an invalid option.
'pr --columns=N' was not equivalent to 'pr -N' when also using
either -s or -w.
pr now supports page numbers up to 2**64 on most hosts, and it
detects page number overflow instead of silently wrapping around.
pr now accepts file names that begin with "+" so long as the rest of
the file name does not look like a page range.
printf has several changes:
It now uses 'intmax_t' (not 'long int') to format integers, so it
can now format 64-bit integers on most modern hosts.
On modern hosts it now supports the C99-inspired %a, %A, %F conversion
specs, the "'" and "0" flags, and the ll, j, t, and z length modifiers
(this is compatible with recent Bash versions).
The printf command now rejects invalid conversion specifications
like %#d, instead of relying on undefined behavior in the underlying
printf function.
ptx now diagnoses invalid values for its --width=N (-w)
and --gap-size=N (-g) options.
mv (when moving between partitions) no longer fails when
operating on too many command-line-specified nonempty directories.
"readlink -f" is more compatible with prior implementations
rm (without -f) no longer hangs when attempting to remove a symlink
to a file on an off-line NFS-mounted partition.
rm no longer gets a failed assertion under some unusual conditions.
rm no longer requires read access to the current directory.
"rm -r" would mistakenly fail to remove files under a directory
for some types of errors (e.g., read-only file system, I/O error)
when first encountering the directory.
"sort" fixes:
"sort -o -" now writes to a file named "-" instead of to standard
output; POSIX requires this.
An unlikely race condition has been fixed where "sort" could have
mistakenly removed a temporary file belonging to some other process.
"sort" no longer has O(N**2) behavior when it creates many temporary files.
tac can now handle regular, nonseekable files like Linux's
/proc/modules. Before, it would produce no output for such a file.
tac would exit immediately upon I/O or temp-file creation failure.
Now it continues on, processing any remaining command line arguments.
"tail -f" no longer mishandles pipes and fifos. With no operands,
tail now ignores -f if standard input is a pipe, as POSIX requires.
When conforming to POSIX 1003.2-1992, tail now supports the SUSv2 b
modifier (e.g., "tail -10b file") and it handles some obscure cases
more correctly, e.g., "tail +cl" now reads the file "+cl" rather
than reporting an error, "tail -c file" no longer reports an error,
and "tail - file" no longer reads standard input.
tee now exits when it gets a SIGPIPE signal, as POSIX requires.
To get tee's old behavior, use the shell command "(trap '' PIPE; tee)".
Also, "tee -" now writes to standard output instead of to a file named "-".
"touch -- MMDDhhmm[yy] file" is now equivalent to
"touch MMDDhhmm[yy] file" even when conforming to pre-2001 POSIX.
tr no longer mishandles a second operand with leading "-".
who now prints user names in full instead of truncating them after 8 bytes.
The following commands now reject unknown options instead of
accepting them as operands, so that users are properly warned that
options may be added later. Formerly they accepted unknown options
as operands; e.g., "basename -a a" acted like "basename -- -a a".
basename dirname factor hostname link nohup sync unlink yes
** New features
For efficiency, 'sort -m' no longer copies input to a temporary file
merely because the input happens to come from a pipe. As a result,
some relatively-contrived examples like 'cat F | sort -m -o F - G'
are no longer safe, as 'sort' might start writing F before 'cat' is
done reading it. This problem cannot occur unless '-m' is used.
When outside the default POSIX locale, the 'who' and 'pinky'
commands now output time stamps like "2004-06-21 13:09" instead of
the traditional "Jun 21 13:09".
pwd now works even when run from a working directory whose name
is longer than PATH_MAX.
cp, install, ln, and mv have a new --no-target-directory (-T) option,
and -t is now a short name for their --target-directory option.
cp -pu and mv -u (when copying) now don't bother to update the
destination if the resulting time stamp would be no newer than the
preexisting time stamp. This saves work in the common case when
copying or moving multiple times to the same destination in a file
system with a coarse time stamp resolution.
cut accepts a new option, --complement, to complement the set of
selected bytes, characters, or fields.
dd now also prints the number of bytes transferred, the time, and the
transfer rate. The new "status=noxfer" operand suppresses this change.
dd has new conversions for the conv= option:
nocreat do not create the output file
excl fail if the output file already exists
fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing
fsync likewise, but also write metadata
dd has new iflag= and oflag= options with the following flags:
append append mode (makes sense for output file only)
direct use direct I/O for data
dsync use synchronized I/O for data
sync likewise, but also for metadata
nonblock use non-blocking I/O
nofollow do not follow symlinks
noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file
stty now provides support (iutf8) for setting UTF-8 input mode.
With stat, a specified format is no longer automatically newline terminated.
If you want a newline at the end of your output, append '\n' to the format
string.
'df', 'du', and 'ls' now take the default block size from the
BLOCKSIZE environment variable if the BLOCK_SIZE, DF_BLOCK_SIZE,
DU_BLOCK_SIZE, and LS_BLOCK_SIZE environment variables are not set.
Unlike the other variables, though, BLOCKSIZE does not affect
values like 'ls -l' sizes that are normally displayed as bytes.
This new behavior is for compatibility with BSD.
du accepts a new option --files0-from=FILE, where FILE contains a
list of NUL-terminated file names.
Date syntax as used by date -d, date -f, and touch -d has been
changed as follows:
Dates like 'January 32' with out-of-range components are now rejected.
Dates can have fractional time stamps like 2004-02-27 14:19:13.489392193.
Dates can be entered via integer counts of seconds since 1970 when
prefixed by '@'. For example, '@321' represents 1970-01-01 00:05:21 UTC.
Time zone corrections can now separate hours and minutes with a colon,
and can follow standard abbreviations like "UTC". For example,
"UTC +0530" and "+05:30" are supported, and are both equivalent to "+0530".
Date values can now have leading TZ="..." assignments that override
the environment only while that date is being processed. For example,
the following shell command converts from Paris to New York time:
TZ="America/New_York" date --date='TZ="Europe/Paris" 2004-10-31 06:30'
'date' has a new option --iso-8601=ns that outputs
nanosecond-resolution time stamps.
echo -e '\xHH' now outputs a byte whose hexadecimal value is HH,
for compatibility with bash.
ls now exits with status 1 on minor problems, 2 if serious trouble.
ls has a new --hide=PATTERN option that behaves like
--ignore=PATTERN, except that it is overridden by -a or -A.
This can be useful for aliases, e.g., if lh is an alias for
"ls --hide='*~'", then "lh -A" lists the file "README~".
In the following cases POSIX allows the default GNU behavior,
so when POSIXLY_CORRECT is set:
false, printf, true, unlink, and yes all support --help and --option.
ls supports TABSIZE.
pr no longer depends on LC_TIME for the date format in non-POSIX locales.
printf supports \u, \U, \x.
tail supports two or more files when using the obsolete option syntax.
The usual '--' operand is now supported by chroot, hostid, hostname,
pwd, sync, and yes.
'od' now conforms to POSIX better, and is more compatible with BSD:
The older syntax "od [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]]" now works
even without --traditional. This is a change in behavior if there
are one or two operands and the last one begins with +, or if
there are two operands and the latter one begins with a digit.
For example, "od foo 10" and "od +10" now treat the last operand as
an offset, not as a file name.
-h is no longer documented, and may be withdrawn in future versions.
Use -x or -t x2 instead.
-i is now equivalent to -t dI (not -t d2), and
-l is now equivalent to -t dL (not -t d4).
-s is now equivalent to -t d2. The old "-s[NUM]" or "-s NUM"
option has been renamed to "-S NUM".
The default output format is now -t oS, not -t o2, i.e., short int
rather than two-byte int. This makes a difference only on hosts like
Cray systems where the C short int type requires more than two bytes.
readlink accepts new options: --canonicalize-existing (-e)
and --canonicalize-missing (-m).
The stat option --filesystem has been renamed to --file-system, for
consistency with POSIX "file system" and with cp and du --one-file-system.
** Removed features
md5sum and sha1sum's undocumented --string option has been removed.
tail's undocumented --max-consecutive-size-changes option has been removed.
* Major changes in release 5.2.1 (2004-03-12) [stable]
** Bug fixes
mv could mistakenly fail to preserve hard links when moving two
or more arguments between partitions.
'cp --sparse=always F /dev/hdx' no longer tries to use lseek to create
holes in the destination.
nohup now sets the close-on-exec flag for its copy of the stderr file
descriptor. This avoids some nohup-induced hangs. For example, before
this change, if you ran 'ssh localhost', then 'nohup sleep 600 </dev/null &',
and then exited that remote shell, the ssh session would hang until the
10-minute sleep terminated. With the fixed nohup, the ssh session
terminates immediately.
'expr' now conforms to POSIX better:
Integers like -0 and 00 are now treated as zero.
The '|' operator now returns 0, not its first argument, if both
arguments are null or zero. E.g., 'expr "" \| ""' now returns 0,
not the empty string.
The '|' and '&' operators now use short-circuit evaluation, e.g.,
'expr 1 \| 1 / 0' no longer reports a division by zero.
** New features
'chown user.group file' now has its traditional meaning even when
conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001, so long as no user has a name
containing '.' that happens to equal 'user.group'.
* Major changes in release 5.2.0 (2004-02-19) [stable]
** Bug fixes
none
* Major changes in release 5.1.3 (2004-02-08): candidate to become stable 5.2.0
** Bug fixes
'cp -d' now works as required even on systems like OSF V5.1 that
declare stat and lstat as 'static inline' functions.
time stamps output by stat now include actual fractional seconds,
when available -- or .0000000 for files without that information.
seq no longer infloops when printing 2^31 or more numbers.
For reference, seq `echo 2^31|bc` > /dev/null takes about one hour
on a 1.6 GHz Athlon 2000 XP. Now it can output 2^53-1 numbers before
misbehaving.
* Major changes in release 5.1.2 (2004-01-25):
** Bug fixes
rmdir -p exits with status 1 on error; formerly it sometimes exited
with status 0 when given more than one argument.
nohup now always exits with status 127 when it finds an error,
as POSIX requires; formerly it sometimes exited with status 1.
Several programs (including cut, date, dd, env, hostname, nl, pr,
stty, and tr) now always exit with status 1 when they find an error;
formerly they sometimes exited with status 2.
factor no longer reports a usage error if stdin has the wrong format.
paste no longer infloops on ppc systems (bug introduced in 5.1.1)
* Major changes in release 5.1.1 (2004-01-17):
** Configuration option
You can select the default level of POSIX conformance at configure-time,
e.g., by ./configure DEFAULT_POSIX2_VERSION=199209
** Bug fixes
fold -s works once again on systems with differing sizes for int
and size_t (bug introduced in 5.1.0)
** New features
touch -r now specifies the origin for any relative times in the -d
operand, if both options are given. For example, "touch -r FOO -d
'-5 seconds' BAR" sets BAR's modification time to be five seconds
before FOO's.
join: The obsolete options "-j1 FIELD", "-j2 FIELD", and
"-o LIST1 LIST2..." are no longer supported on POSIX 1003.1-2001 systems.
Portable scripts should use "-1 FIELD", "-2 FIELD", and
"-o LIST1,LIST2..." respectively. If join was compiled on a
POSIX 1003.1-2001 system, you may enable the old behavior
by setting _POSIX2_VERSION=199209 in your environment.
[This change was reverted in coreutils 5.3.1.]
* Major changes in release 5.1.0 (2003-12-21):
** New features
chgrp, chmod, and chown can now process (with -R) hierarchies of virtually
unlimited depth. Before, they would fail to operate on any file they
encountered with a relative name of length PATH_MAX (often 4096) or longer.
chgrp, chmod, chown, and rm accept the new options:
--preserve-root, --no-preserve-root (default)
chgrp and chown now accept POSIX-mandated -L, -H, and -P options
du can now process hierarchies of virtually unlimited depth.
Before, du was limited by the user's stack size and it would get a
stack overflow error (often a segmentation fault) when applied to
a hierarchy of depth around 30,000 or larger.
du works even when run from an inaccessible directory
du -D now dereferences all symlinks specified on the command line,
not just the ones that reference directories
du now accepts -P (--no-dereference), for compatibility with du
of NetBSD and for consistency with e.g., chown and chgrp
du's -H option will soon have the meaning required by POSIX
(--dereference-args, aka -D) rather then the current meaning of --si.
Now, using -H elicits a warning to that effect.
When given -l and similar options, ls now adjusts the output column
widths to fit the data, so that output lines are shorter and have
columns that line up better. This may adversely affect shell
scripts that expect fixed-width columns, but such shell scripts were
not portable anyway, even with old GNU ls where the columns became
ragged when a datum was too wide.
du accepts a new option, -0/--null, to make it produce NUL-terminated
output lines
** Bug fixes
printf, seq, tail, and sleep now parse floating-point operands
and options in the C locale. POSIX requires this for printf.
od -c -w9999999 no longer segfaults
csplit no longer reads from freed memory (dumping core on some systems)
csplit would mistakenly exhaust virtual memory in some cases
ls --width=N (for very large N) is no longer subject to an address
arithmetic bug that could result in bounds violations.
ls --width=N (with -x or -C) no longer allocates more space
(potentially much more) than necessary for a given directory.
dd 'unblock' and 'sync' may now be combined (e.g., dd conv=unblock,sync)
* Major changes in release 5.0.91 (2003-09-08):
** New features
date accepts a new option --rfc-2822, an alias for --rfc-822.
split accepts a new option -d or --numeric-suffixes.
cp, install, mv, and touch now preserve microsecond resolution on
file timestamps, on platforms that have the 'utimes' system call.
Unfortunately there is no system call yet to preserve file
timestamps to their full nanosecond resolution; microsecond
resolution is the best we can do right now.
sort now supports the zero byte (NUL) as a field separator; use -t '\0'.
The -t '' option, which formerly had no effect, is now an error.
sort option order no longer matters for the options -S, -d, -i, -o, and -t.
Stronger options override weaker, and incompatible options are diagnosed.
'sha1sum --check' now accepts the BSD format for SHA1 message digests
in addition to the BSD format for MD5 ones.
who -l now means 'who --login', not 'who --lookup', per POSIX.
who's -l option has been eliciting an unconditional warning about
this impending change since sh-utils-2.0.12 (April 2002).
** Bug fixes
Mistakenly renaming a file onto itself, e.g., via 'mv B b' when 'B' is
the same directory entry as 'b' no longer destroys the directory entry
referenced by both 'b' and 'B'. Note that this would happen only on
file systems like VFAT where two different names may refer to the same
directory entry, usually due to lower->upper case mapping of file names.
Now, the above can happen only on file systems that perform name mapping and
that support hard links (stat.st_nlink > 1). This mitigates the problem
in two ways: few file systems appear to be affected (hpfs and ntfs are),
when the bug is triggered, mv no longer removes the last hard link to a file.
*** ATTENTION ***: if you know how to distinguish the following two cases
without writing to the file system in question, please let me know:
1) B and b refer to the same directory entry on a file system like NTFS
(B may well have a link count larger than 1)
2) B and b are hard links to the same file
stat no longer overruns a buffer for format strings ending in '%'
fold -s -wN would infloop for N < 8 with TABs in the input.
E.g., this would not terminate: printf 'a\t' | fold -w2 -s
'split -a0', although of questionable utility, is accepted once again.
'df DIR' used to hang under some conditions on OSF/1 5.1. Now it doesn't.
seq's --width (-w) option now works properly even when the endpoint
requiring the larger width is negative and smaller than the other endpoint.
seq's default step is 1, even if LAST < FIRST.
paste no longer mistakenly outputs 0xFF bytes for a nonempty input file
without a trailing newline.
'tail -n0 -f FILE' and 'tail -c0 -f FILE' no longer perform what amounted
to a busy wait, rather than sleeping between iterations.
tail's long-undocumented --allow-missing option now elicits a warning
* Major changes in release 5.0.90 (2003-07-29):
** New features
sort is now up to 30% more CPU-efficient in some cases
'test' is now more compatible with Bash and POSIX:
'test -t', 'test --help', and 'test --version' now silently exit
with status 0. To test whether standard output is a terminal, use
'test -t 1'. To get help and version info for 'test', use
'[ --help' and '[ --version'.
'test' now exits with status 2 (not 1) if there is an error.
wc count field widths now are heuristically adjusted depending on the input
size, if known. If only one count is printed, it is guaranteed to
be printed without leading spaces.
Previously, wc did not align the count fields if POSIXLY_CORRECT was set,
but POSIX did not actually require this undesirable behavior, so it
has been removed.
** Bug fixes
kill no longer tries to operate on argv[0] (introduced in 5.0.1)
Why wasn't this noticed? Although many tests use kill, none of
them made an effort to avoid using the shell's built-in kill.
'[' invoked with no arguments no longer evokes a segfault
rm without --recursive (aka -r or -R) no longer prompts regarding
unwritable directories, as required by POSIX.
uniq -c now uses a SPACE, not a TAB between the count and the
corresponding line, as required by POSIX.
expr now exits with status 2 if the expression is syntactically valid,
and with status 3 if an error occurred. POSIX requires this.
expr now reports trouble if string comparison fails due to a collation error.
split now generates suffixes properly on EBCDIC hosts.
split -a0 now works, as POSIX requires.
'sort --version' and 'sort --help' fail, as they should
when their output is redirected to /dev/full.
'su --version > /dev/full' now fails, as it should.
** Fewer arbitrary limitations
cut requires 97% less memory when very large field numbers or
byte offsets are specified.
* Major changes in release 5.0.1 (2003-07-15):
** New programs
- new program: '[' (much like 'test')
** New features
- head now accepts --lines=-N (--bytes=-N) to print all but the
N lines (bytes) at the end of the file
- md5sum --check now accepts the output of the BSD md5sum program, e.g.,
MD5 (f) = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e
- date -d DATE can now parse a DATE string like May-23-2003
- chown: '.' is no longer recognized as a separator in the OWNER:GROUP
specifier on POSIX 1003.1-2001 systems. If chown *was not* compiled
on such a system, then it still accepts '.', by default. If chown
was compiled on a POSIX 1003.1-2001 system, then you may enable the
old behavior by setting _POSIX2_VERSION=199209 in your environment.
- chown no longer tries to preserve set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits;
on some systems, the chown syscall resets those bits, and previous
versions of the chown command would call chmod to restore the original,
pre-chown(2) settings, but that behavior is problematic.
1) There was a window whereby a malicious user, M, could subvert a
chown command run by some other user and operating on files in a
directory where M has write access.
2) Before (and even now, on systems with chown(2) that doesn't reset
those bits), an unwary admin. could use chown unwittingly to create e.g.,
a set-user-ID root copy of /bin/sh.
** Bug fixes
- chown --dereference no longer leaks a file descriptor per symlink processed
- 'du /' once again prints the '/' on the last line
- split's --verbose option works once again [broken in 4.5.10 and 5.0]
- tail -f is no longer subject to a race condition that could make it
delay displaying the last part of a file that had stopped growing. That
bug could also make tail -f give an unwarranted 'file truncated' warning.
- du no longer runs out of file descriptors unnecessarily
- df and 'readlink --canonicalize' no longer corrupt the heap on
non-glibc, non-solaris systems
- 'env -u UNSET_VARIABLE' no longer dumps core on non-glibc systems
- readlink's --canonicalize option now works on systems like Solaris that
lack the canonicalize_file_name function but do have resolvepath.
- mv now removes 'a' in this example on all systems: touch a; ln a b; mv a b
This behavior is contrary to POSIX (which requires that the mv command do
nothing and exit successfully), but I suspect POSIX will change.
- date's %r format directive now honors locale settings
- date's '-' (no-pad) format flag now affects the space-padded-by-default
conversion specifiers, %e, %k, %l
- fmt now diagnoses invalid obsolescent width specifications like '-72x'
- fmt now exits nonzero when unable to open an input file
- tsort now fails when given an odd number of input tokens,
as required by POSIX. Before, it would act as if the final token
appeared one additional time.
** Fewer arbitrary limitations
- tail's byte and line counts are no longer limited to OFF_T_MAX.
Now the limit is UINTMAX_MAX (usually 2^64).
- split can now handle --bytes=N and --lines=N with N=2^31 or more.
** Portability
- 'kill -t' now prints signal descriptions (rather than '?') on systems
like Tru64 with __sys_siglist but no strsignal function.
- stat.c now compiles on Ultrix systems
- sleep now works on AIX systems that lack support for clock_gettime
- rm now works around Darwin6.5's broken readdir function
Before 'rm -rf DIR' would fail to remove all files in DIR
if there were more than 338.
* Major changes in release 5.0 (2003-04-02):
- false --help now exits nonzero
[4.5.12]
* printf no longer treats \x specially when POSIXLY_CORRECT is set
* printf avoids buffer overrun with format ending in a backslash and
* printf avoids buffer overrun with incomplete conversion specifier
* printf accepts multiple flags in a single conversion specifier
[4.5.11]
* seq no longer requires that a field width be specified
* seq no longer fails when given a field width of '0'
* seq now accepts " " and "'" as valid format flag characters
* df now shows a HOSTNAME: prefix for each remote-mounted file system on AIX 5.1
* portability tweaks for HP-UX, AIX 5.1, DJGPP
[4.5.10]
* printf no longer segfaults for a negative field width or precision
* shred now always enables --exact for non-regular files
* du no longer lists hard-linked files more than once
* du no longer dumps core on some systems due to "infinite" recursion
via nftw's use of the buggy replacement function in getcwd.c
* portability patches for a few vendor compilers and 64-bit systems
* du -S *really* now works like it did before the change in 4.5.5
[4.5.9]
* du no longer truncates file sizes or sums to fit in 32-bit size_t
* work around Linux kernel bug in getcwd (fixed in 2.4.21-pre4), so that pwd
now fails if the name of the working directory is so long that getcwd
truncates it. Before it would print the truncated name and exit successfully.
* 'df /some/mount-point' no longer hangs on a GNU libc system when another
hard-mounted NFS file system (preceding /some/mount-point in /proc/mounts)
is inaccessible.
* rm -rf now gives an accurate diagnostic when failing to remove a file
under certain unusual conditions
* mv and 'cp --preserve=links' now preserve multiple hard links even under
certain unusual conditions where they used to fail
[4.5.8]
* du -S once again works like it did before the change in 4.5.5
* stat accepts a new file format, %B, for the size of each block reported by %b
* du accepts new option: --apparent-size
* du --bytes (-b) works the same way it did in fileutils-3.16 and before
* du reports proper sizes for directories (not zero) (broken in 4.5.6 or 4.5.7)
* df now always displays under 'Filesystem', the device file name
corresponding to the listed mount point. Before, for a block- or character-
special file command line argument, df would display that argument. E.g.,
'df /dev/hda' would list '/dev/hda' as the 'Filesystem', rather than say
/dev/hda3 (the device on which '/' is mounted), as it does now.
* test now works properly when invoked from a set user ID or set group ID
context and when testing access to files subject to alternate protection
mechanisms. For example, without this change, a set-UID program that invoked
'test -w F' (to see if F is writable) could mistakenly report that it *was*
writable, even though F was on a read-only file system, or F had an ACL
prohibiting write access, or F was marked as immutable.
[4.5.7]
* du would fail with more than one DIR argument when any but the last did not
contain a slash (due to a bug in ftw.c)
[4.5.6]
* du no longer segfaults on Solaris systems (fixed heap-corrupting bug in ftw.c)
* du --exclude=FILE works once again (this was broken by the rewrite for 4.5.5)
* du no longer gets a failed assertion for certain hierarchy lay-outs
involving hard-linked directories
* 'who -r' no longer segfaults when using non-C-locale messages
* df now displays a mount point (usually '/') for non-mounted
character-special and block files
[4.5.5]
* ls --dired produces correct byte offset for file names containing
nonprintable characters in a multibyte locale
* du has been rewritten to use a variant of GNU libc's ftw.c
* du now counts the space associated with a directory's directory entry,
even if it cannot list or chdir into that subdirectory.
* du -S now includes the st_size of each entry corresponding to a subdirectory
* rm on FreeBSD can once again remove directories from NFS-mounted file systems
* ls has a new option --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir, which
corresponds to the new default behavior when none of -d, -l -F, -H, -L
has been specified.
* ls dangling-symlink now prints 'dangling-symlink'.
Before, it would fail with 'no such file or directory'.
* ls -s symlink-to-non-dir and ls -i symlink-to-non-dir now print
attributes of 'symlink', rather than attributes of their referents.
* Fix a bug introduced in 4.5.4 that made it so that ls --color would no
longer highlight the names of files with the execute bit set when not
specified on the command line.
* shred's --zero (-z) option no longer gobbles up any following argument.
Before, 'shred --zero file' would produce 'shred: missing file argument',
and worse, 'shred --zero f1 f2 ...' would appear to work, but would leave
the first file untouched.
* readlink: new program
* cut: new feature: when used to select ranges of byte offsets (as opposed
to ranges of fields) and when --output-delimiter=STRING is specified,
output STRING between ranges of selected bytes.
* rm -r can no longer be tricked into mistakenly reporting a cycle.
* when rm detects a directory cycle, it no longer aborts the entire command,
but rather merely stops processing the affected command line argument.
[4.5.4]
* cp no longer fails to parse options like this: --preserve=mode,ownership
* 'ls --color -F symlink-to-dir' works properly
* ls is much more efficient on directories with valid dirent.d_type.
* stty supports all baud rates defined in linux-2.4.19.
* 'du symlink-to-dir/' would improperly remove the trailing slash
* 'du ""' would evoke a bounds violation.
* In the unlikely event that running 'du /' resulted in 'stat ("/", ...)'
failing, du would give a diagnostic about '' (empty string) rather than '/'.
* printf: a hexadecimal escape sequence has at most two hex. digits, not three.
* The following features have been added to the --block-size option
and similar environment variables of df, du, and ls.
- A leading "'" generates numbers with thousands separators.
For example:
$ ls -l --block-size="'1" file
-rw-rw-r-- 1 eggert src 47,483,707 Sep 24 23:40 file
- A size suffix without a leading integer generates a suffix in the output.
For example:
$ ls -l --block-size="K"
-rw-rw-r-- 1 eggert src 46371K Sep 24 23:40 file
* ls's --block-size option now affects file sizes in all cases, not
just for --block-size=human-readable and --block-size=si. Fractional
sizes are now always rounded up, for consistency with df and du.
* df now displays the block size using powers of 1000 if the requested
block size seems to be a multiple of a power of 1000.
* nl no longer gets a segfault when run like this 'yes|nl -s%n'
[4.5.3]
* du --dereference-args (-D) no longer fails in certain cases
* 'ln --target-dir=DIR' no longer fails when given a single argument
[4.5.2]
* 'rm -i dir' (without --recursive (-r)) no longer recurses into dir
* 'tail -c N FILE' now works with files of size >= 4GB
* 'mkdir -p' can now create very deep (e.g. 40,000-component) directories
* rmdir -p dir-with-trailing-slash/ no longer fails
* printf now honors the '--' command line delimiter
* od's 8-byte formats x8, o8, and u8 now work
* tail now accepts fractional seconds for its --sleep-interval=S (-s) option
[4.5.1]
* du and ls now report sizes of symbolic links (before they'd always report 0)
* uniq now obeys the LC_COLLATE locale, as per POSIX 1003.1-2001 TC1.
========================================================================
Here are the NEWS entries made from fileutils-4.1 until the
point at which the packages merged to form the coreutils:
[4.1.11]
* 'rm symlink-to-unwritable' doesn't prompt [introduced in 4.1.10]
[4.1.10]
* rm once again gives a reasonable diagnostic when failing to remove a file
owned by someone else in a sticky directory [introduced in 4.1.9]
* df now rounds all quantities up, as per POSIX.
* New ls time style: long-iso, which generates YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM.
* Any time style can be preceded by "posix-"; this causes "ls" to
use traditional timestamp format when in the POSIX locale.
* The default time style is now posix-long-iso instead of posix-iso.
Set TIME_STYLE="posix-iso" to revert to the behavior of 4.1.1 through 4.1.9.
* 'rm dangling-symlink' doesn't prompt [introduced in 4.1.9]
* stat: remove support for --secure/-s option and related %S and %C format specs
* stat: rename --link/-l to --dereference/-L.
The old options will continue to work for a while.
[4.1.9]
* rm can now remove very deep hierarchies, in spite of any limit on stack size
* new programs: link, unlink, and stat
* New ls option: --author (for the Hurd).
* 'touch -c no-such-file' no longer fails, per POSIX
[4.1.8]
* mv no longer mistakenly creates links to preexisting destination files
that aren't moved
[4.1.7]
* rm: close a hole that would allow a running rm process to be subverted
[4.1.6]
* New cp option: --copy-contents.
* cp -r is now equivalent to cp -R. Use cp -R -L --copy-contents to get the
traditional (and rarely desirable) cp -r behavior.
* ls now accepts --time-style=+FORMAT, where +FORMAT works like date's format
* The obsolete usage 'touch [-acm] MMDDhhmm[YY] FILE...' is no longer
supported on systems conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001. Use touch -t instead.
* cp and inter-partition mv no longer give a misleading diagnostic in some
unusual cases
[4.1.5]
* cp -r no longer preserves symlinks
* The block size notation is now compatible with SI and with IEC 60027-2.
For example, --block-size=1MB now means --block-size=1000000,
whereas --block-size=1MiB now means --block-size=1048576.
A missing 'B' (e.g. '1M') has the same meaning as before.
A trailing 'B' now means decimal, not binary; this is a silent change.
The nonstandard 'D' suffix (e.g. '1MD') is now obsolescent.
* -H or --si now outputs the trailing 'B', for consistency with the above.
* Programs now output trailing 'K' (not 'k') to mean 1024, as per IEC 60027-2.
* New df, du short option -B is short for --block-size.
* You can omit an integer '1' before a block size suffix,
e.g. 'df -BG' is equivalent to 'df -B 1G' and to 'df --block-size=1G'.
* The following options are now obsolescent, as their names are
incompatible with IEC 60027-2:
df, du: -m or --megabytes (use -BM or --block-size=1M)
df, du, ls: --kilobytes (use --block-size=1K)
[4.1.4]
* df --local no longer lists smbfs file systems whose name starts with //
* dd now detects the Linux/tape/lseek bug at run time and warns about it.
[4.1.3]
* ls -R once again outputs a blank line between per-directory groups of files.
This was broken by the cycle-detection change in 4.1.1.
* dd once again uses 'lseek' on character devices like /dev/mem and /dev/kmem.
On systems with the linux kernel (at least up to 2.4.16), dd must still
resort to emulating 'skip=N' behavior using reads on tape devices, because
lseek has no effect, yet appears to succeed. This may be a kernel bug.
[4.1.2]
* cp no longer fails when two or more source files are the same;
now it just gives a warning and doesn't copy the file the second time.
E.g., cp a a d/ produces this:
cp: warning: source file `a' specified more than once
* chmod would set the wrong bit when given symbolic mode strings like
these: g=o, o=g, o=u. E.g., 'chmod a=,o=w,ug=o f' would give a mode
of --w-r---w- rather than --w--w--w-.
[4.1.1]
* mv (likewise for cp), now fails rather than silently clobbering one of
the source files in the following example:
rm -rf a b c; mkdir a b c; touch a/f b/f; mv a/f b/f c
* ls -R detects directory cycles, per POSIX. It warns and doesn't infloop.
* cp's -P option now means the same as --no-dereference, per POSIX.
Use --parents to get the old meaning.
* When copying with the -H and -L options, cp can preserve logical
links between source files with --preserve=links
* cp accepts new options:
--preserve[={mode,ownership,timestamps,links,all}]
--no-preserve={mode,ownership,timestamps,links,all}
* cp's -p and --preserve options remain unchanged and are equivalent
to '--preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps'
* mv and cp accept a new option: --reply={yes,no,query}; provides a consistent
mechanism to control whether one is prompted about certain existing
destination files. Note that cp's and mv's -f options don't have the
same meaning: cp's -f option no longer merely turns off '-i'.
* remove portability limitations (e.g., PATH_MAX on the Hurd, fixes for
64-bit systems)
* mv now prompts before overwriting an existing, unwritable destination file
when stdin is a tty, unless --force (-f) is specified, as per POSIX.
* mv: fix the bug whereby 'mv -uf source dest' would delete source,
even though it's older than dest.
* chown's --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP option now works
* cp now ensures that the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits are cleared for
the destination file when when copying and not preserving permissions.
* 'ln -f --backup k k' gives a clearer diagnostic
* ls no longer truncates user names or group names that are longer
than 8 characters.
* ls's new --dereference-command-line option causes it to dereference
symbolic links on the command-line only. It is the default unless
one of the -d, -F, or -l options are given.
* ls -H now means the same as ls --dereference-command-line, as per POSIX.
* ls -g now acts like ls -l, except it does not display owner, as per POSIX.
* ls -n now implies -l, as per POSIX.
* ls can now display dates and times in one of four time styles:
- The 'full-iso' time style gives full ISO-style time stamps like
'2001-05-14 23:45:56.477817180 -0700'.
- The 'iso' time style gives ISO-style time stamps like '2001-05-14 '
and '05-14 23:45'.
- The 'locale' time style gives locale-dependent time stamps like
'touko 14 2001' and 'touko 14 23:45' (in a Finnish locale).
- The 'posix-iso' time style gives traditional POSIX-locale
time stamps like 'May 14 2001' and 'May 14 23:45' unless the user
specifies a non-POSIX locale, in which case it uses ISO-style dates.
This is the default.
You can specify a time style with an option like --time-style='iso'
or with an environment variable like TIME_STYLE='iso'. GNU Emacs 21
and later can parse ISO dates, but older Emacs versions cannot, so
if you are using an older version of Emacs outside the default POSIX
locale, you may need to set TIME_STYLE="locale".
* --full-time is now an alias for "-l --time-style=full-iso".
========================================================================
Here are the NEWS entries made from sh-utils-2.0 until the
point at which the packages merged to form the coreutils:
[2.0.15]
* date no longer accepts e.g., September 31 in the MMDDhhmm syntax
* fix a bug in this package's .m4 files and in configure.ac
[2.0.14]
* nohup's behavior is changed as follows, to conform to POSIX 1003.1-2001:
- nohup no longer adjusts scheduling priority; use "nice" for that.
- nohup now redirects stderr to stdout, if stderr is not a terminal.
- nohup exit status is now 126 if command was found but not invoked,
127 if nohup failed or if command was not found.
[2.0.13]
* uname and uptime work better on *BSD systems
* pathchk now exits nonzero for a path with a directory component
that specifies a non-directory
[2.0.12]
* kill: new program
* who accepts new options: --all (-a), --boot (-b), --dead (-d), --login,
--process (-p), --runlevel (-r), --short (-s), --time (-t), --users (-u).
The -u option now produces POSIX-specified results and is the same as
the long option '--users'. --idle is no longer the same as -u.
* The following changes apply on systems conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001:
- 'date -I' is no longer supported. Instead, use 'date --iso-8601'.
- 'nice -NUM' is no longer supported. Instead, use 'nice -n NUM'.
[This change was reverted in coreutils 5.3.1.]
* New 'uname' options -i or --hardware-platform, and -o or --operating-system.
'uname -a' now outputs -i and -o information at the end.
New uname option --kernel-version is an alias for -v.
Uname option --release has been renamed to --kernel-release,
and --sysname has been renamed to --kernel-name;
the old options will work for a while, but are no longer documented.
* 'expr' now uses the LC_COLLATE locale for string comparison, as per POSIX.
* 'expr' now requires '+' rather than 'quote' to quote tokens;
this removes an incompatibility with POSIX.
* date -d 'last friday' would print a date/time that was one hour off
(e.g., 23:00 on *thursday* rather than 00:00 of the preceding friday)
when run such that the current time and the target date/time fall on
opposite sides of a daylight savings time transition.
This problem arose only with relative date strings like 'last monday'.
It was not a problem with strings that include absolute dates.
* factor is twice as fast, for large numbers
[2.0.11]
* setting the date now works properly, even when using -u
* 'date -f - < /dev/null' no longer dumps core
* some DOS/Windows portability changes
[2.0j]
* 'date -d DATE' now parses certain relative DATEs correctly
[2.0i]
* fixed a bug introduced in 2.0h that made many programs fail with a
'write error' when invoked with the --version option
[2.0h]
* all programs fail when printing --help or --version output to a full device
* printf exits nonzero upon write failure
* yes now detects and terminates upon write failure
* date --rfc-822 now always emits day and month names from the 'C' locale
* portability tweaks for Solaris8, Ultrix, and DOS
[2.0g]
* date now handles two-digit years with leading zeros correctly.
* printf interprets unicode, \uNNNN \UNNNNNNNN, on systems with the
required support; from Bruno Haible.
* stty's rprnt attribute now works on HPUX 10.20
* seq's --equal-width option works more portably
[2.0f]
* fix build problems with ut_name vs. ut_user
[2.0e]
* stty: fix long-standing bug that caused test failures on at least HPUX
systems when COLUMNS was set to zero
* still more portability fixes
* unified lib/: now that directory and most of the configuration framework
is common between fileutils, textutils, and sh-utils
[2.0d]
* fix portability problem with sleep vs lib/strtod.c's requirement for -lm
[2.0c]
* fix portability problems with nanosleep.c and with the new code in sleep.c
[2.0b]
* Regenerate lib/Makefile.in so that nanosleep.c is distributed.
[2.0a]
* sleep accepts floating point arguments on command line
* sleep's clock continues counting down when sleep is suspended
* when a suspended sleep process is resumed, it continues sleeping if
there is any time remaining
* who once again prints whatever host information it has, even without --lookup
========================================================================
For older NEWS entries for the fileutils, textutils, and sh-utils
packages, see ./old/*/NEWS.
This package began as the union of the following:
textutils-2.1, fileutils-4.1.11, sh-utils-2.0.15.
========================================================================
Copyright (C) 2001-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the "GNU Free
Documentation License" file as part of this distribution.
|