diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'doc')
-rw-r--r-- | doc/Makefile.in | 741 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | doc/fdl.texi | 452 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | doc/getdate.texi | 553 |
3 files changed, 0 insertions, 1746 deletions
diff --git a/doc/Makefile.in b/doc/Makefile.in deleted file mode 100644 index bbb86ef16..000000000 --- a/doc/Makefile.in +++ /dev/null @@ -1,741 +0,0 @@ -# Makefile.in generated by automake 1.9.6 from Makefile.am. -# @configure_input@ - -# Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, -# 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -# This Makefile.in is free software; the Free Software Foundation -# gives unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it, -# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved. - -# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, -# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without -# even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A -# PARTICULAR PURPOSE. - -@SET_MAKE@ - -# Make coreutils documentation. -*-Makefile-*- - -# Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, -# 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - -# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify -# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by -# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or -# (at your option) any later version. - -# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, -# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of -# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 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A copy of the license is included in the ``GNU Free -@c Documentation License'' file as part of this distribution. - -@node Date input formats -@chapter Date input formats - -@cindex date input formats -@findex get_date - -First, a quote: - -@quotation -Our units of temporal measurement, from seconds on up to months, are so -complicated, asymmetrical and disjunctive so as to make coherent mental -reckoning in time all but impossible. Indeed, had some tyrannical god -contrived to enslave our minds to time, to make it all but impossible -for us to escape subjection to sodden routines and unpleasant surprises, -he could hardly have done better than handing down our present system. -It is like a set of trapezoidal building blocks, with no vertical or -horizontal surfaces, like a language in which the simplest thought -demands ornate constructions, useless particles and lengthy -circumlocutions. Unlike the more successful patterns of language and -science, which enable us to face experience boldly or at least -level-headedly, our system of temporal calculation silently and -persistently encourages our terror of time. - -@dots{} It is as though architects had to measure length in feet, width -in meters and height in ells; as though basic instruction manuals -demanded a knowledge of five different languages. It is no wonder then -that we often look into our own immediate past or future, last Tuesday -or a week from Sunday, with feelings of helpless confusion. @dots{} - ---- Robert Grudin, @cite{Time and the Art of Living}. -@end quotation - -This section describes the textual date representations that @sc{gnu} -programs accept. These are the strings you, as a user, can supply as -arguments to the various programs. The C interface (via the -@code{get_date} function) is not described here. - -@menu -* General date syntax:: Common rules. -* Calendar date items:: 19 Dec 1994. -* Time of day items:: 9:20pm. -* Time zone items:: @sc{est}, @sc{pdt}, @sc{gmt}. -* Day of week items:: Monday and others. -* Relative items in date strings:: next tuesday, 2 years ago. -* Pure numbers in date strings:: 19931219, 1440. -* Seconds since the Epoch:: @@1078100502. -* Specifying time zone rules:: TZ="America/New_York", TZ="UTC0". -* Authors of get_date:: Bellovin, Eggert, Salz, Berets, et al. -@end menu - - -@node General date syntax -@section General date syntax - -@cindex general date syntax - -@cindex items in date strings -A @dfn{date} is a string, possibly empty, containing many items -separated by whitespace. The whitespace may be omitted when no -ambiguity arises. The empty string means the beginning of today (i.e., -midnight). Order of the items is immaterial. A date string may contain -many flavors of items: - -@itemize @bullet -@item calendar date items -@item time of day items -@item time zone items -@item day of the week items -@item relative items -@item pure numbers. -@end itemize - -@noindent We describe each of these item types in turn, below. - -@cindex numbers, written-out -@cindex ordinal numbers -@findex first @r{in date strings} -@findex next @r{in date strings} -@findex last @r{in date strings} -A few ordinal numbers may be written out in words in some contexts. This is -most useful for specifying day of the week items or relative items (see -below). Among the most commonly used ordinal numbers, the word -@samp{last} stands for @math{-1}, @samp{this} stands for 0, and -@samp{first} and @samp{next} both stand for 1. Because the word -@samp{second} stands for the unit of time there is no way to write the -ordinal number 2, but for convenience @samp{third} stands for 3, -@samp{fourth} for 4, @samp{fifth} for 5, -@samp{sixth} for 6, @samp{seventh} for 7, @samp{eighth} for 8, -@samp{ninth} for 9, @samp{tenth} for 10, @samp{eleventh} for 11 and -@samp{twelfth} for 12. - -@cindex months, written-out -When a month is written this way, it is still considered to be written -numerically, instead of being ``spelled in full''; this changes the -allowed strings. - -@cindex language, in dates -In the current implementation, only English is supported for words and -abbreviations like @samp{AM}, @samp{DST}, @samp{EST}, @samp{first}, -@samp{January}, @samp{Sunday}, @samp{tomorrow}, and @samp{year}. - -@cindex language, in dates -@cindex time zone item -The output of the @command{date} command -is not always acceptable as a date string, -not only because of the language problem, but also because there is no -standard meaning for time zone items like @samp{IST}. When using -@command{date} to generate a date string intended to be parsed later, -specify a date format that is independent of language and that does not -use time zone items other than @samp{UTC} and @samp{Z}. Here are some -ways to do this: - -@example -$ LC_ALL=C TZ=UTC0 date -Mon Mar 1 00:21:42 UTC 2004 -$ TZ=UTC0 date +'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%SZ' -2004-03-01 00:21:42Z -$ date --iso-8601=ns | tr T ' ' # --iso-8601 is a GNU extension. -2004-02-29 16:21:42,692722128-0800 -$ date --rfc-2822 # a GNU extension -Sun, 29 Feb 2004 16:21:42 -0800 -$ date +'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %z' # %z is a GNU extension. -2004-02-29 16:21:42 -0800 -$ date +'@@%s.%N' # %s and %N are GNU extensions. -@@1078100502.692722128 -@end example - -@cindex case, ignored in dates -@cindex comments, in dates -Alphabetic case is completely ignored in dates. Comments may be introduced -between round parentheses, as long as included parentheses are properly -nested. Hyphens not followed by a digit are currently ignored. Leading -zeros on numbers are ignored. - -Invalid dates like @samp{2005-02-29} or times like @samp{24:00} are -rejected. In the typical case of a host that does not support leap -seconds, a time like @samp{23:59:60} is rejected even if it -corresponds to a valid leap second. - - -@node Calendar date items -@section Calendar date items - -@cindex calendar date item - -A @dfn{calendar date item} specifies a day of the year. It is -specified differently, depending on whether the month is specified -numerically or literally. All these strings specify the same calendar date: - -@example -1972-09-24 # @sc{iso} 8601. -72-9-24 # Assume 19xx for 69 through 99, - # 20xx for 00 through 68. -72-09-24 # Leading zeros are ignored. -9/24/72 # Common U.S. writing. -24 September 1972 -24 Sept 72 # September has a special abbreviation. -24 Sep 72 # Three-letter abbreviations always allowed. -Sep 24, 1972 -24-sep-72 -24sep72 -@end example - -The year can also be omitted. In this case, the last specified year is -used, or the current year if none. For example: - -@example -9/24 -sep 24 -@end example - -Here are the rules. - -@cindex @sc{iso} 8601 date format -@cindex date format, @sc{iso} 8601 -For numeric months, the @sc{iso} 8601 format -@samp{@var{year}-@var{month}-@var{day}} is allowed, where @var{year} is -any positive number, @var{month} is a number between 01 and 12, and -@var{day} is a number between 01 and 31. A leading zero must be present -if a number is less than ten. If @var{year} is 68 or smaller, then 2000 -is added to it; otherwise, if @var{year} is less than 100, -then 1900 is added to it. The construct -@samp{@var{month}/@var{day}/@var{year}}, popular in the United States, -is accepted. Also @samp{@var{month}/@var{day}}, omitting the year. - -@cindex month names in date strings -@cindex abbreviations for months -Literal months may be spelled out in full: @samp{January}, -@samp{February}, @samp{March}, @samp{April}, @samp{May}, @samp{June}, -@samp{July}, @samp{August}, @samp{September}, @samp{October}, -@samp{November} or @samp{December}. Literal months may be abbreviated -to their first three letters, possibly followed by an abbreviating dot. -It is also permitted to write @samp{Sept} instead of @samp{September}. - -When months are written literally, the calendar date may be given as any -of the following: - -@example -@var{day} @var{month} @var{year} -@var{day} @var{month} -@var{month} @var{day} @var{year} -@var{day}-@var{month}-@var{year} -@end example - -Or, omitting the year: - -@example -@var{month} @var{day} -@end example - - -@node Time of day items -@section Time of day items - -@cindex time of day item - -A @dfn{time of day item} in date strings specifies the time on a given -day. Here are some examples, all of which represent the same time: - -@example -20:02:00.000000 -20:02 -8:02pm -20:02-0500 # In @sc{est} (U.S. Eastern Standard Time). -@end example - -More generally, the time of day may be given as -@samp{@var{hour}:@var{minute}:@var{second}}, where @var{hour} is -a number between 0 and 23, @var{minute} is a number between 0 and -59, and @var{second} is a number between 0 and 59 possibly followed by -@samp{.} or @samp{,} and a fraction containing one or more digits. -Alternatively, -@samp{:@var{second}} can be omitted, in which case it is taken to -be zero. On the rare hosts that support leap seconds, @var{second} -may be 60. - -@findex am @r{in date strings} -@findex pm @r{in date strings} -@findex midnight @r{in date strings} -@findex noon @r{in date strings} -If the time is followed by @samp{am} or @samp{pm} (or @samp{a.m.} -or @samp{p.m.}), @var{hour} is restricted to run from 1 to 12, and -@samp{:@var{minute}} may be omitted (taken to be zero). @samp{am} -indicates the first half of the day, @samp{pm} indicates the second -half of the day. In this notation, 12 is the predecessor of 1: -midnight is @samp{12am} while noon is @samp{12pm}. -(This is the zero-oriented interpretation of @samp{12am} and @samp{12pm}, -as opposed to the old tradition derived from Latin -which uses @samp{12m} for noon and @samp{12pm} for midnight.) - -@cindex time zone correction -@cindex minutes, time zone correction by -The time may alternatively be followed by a time zone correction, -expressed as @samp{@var{s}@var{hh}@var{mm}}, where @var{s} is @samp{+} -or @samp{-}, @var{hh} is a number of zone hours and @var{mm} is a number -of zone minutes. You can also separate @var{hh} from @var{mm} with a colon. -When a time zone correction is given this way, it -forces interpretation of the time relative to -Coordinated Universal Time (@sc{utc}), overriding any previous -specification for the time zone or the local time zone. For example, -@samp{+0530} and @samp{+05:30} both stand for the time zone 5.5 hours -ahead of @sc{utc} (e.g., India). The @var{minute} -part of the time of day may not be elided when a time zone correction -is used. This is the best way to specify a time zone correction by -fractional parts of an hour. - -Either @samp{am}/@samp{pm} or a time zone correction may be specified, -but not both. - - -@node Time zone items -@section Time zone items - -@cindex time zone item - -A @dfn{time zone item} specifies an international time zone, indicated -by a small set of letters, e.g., @samp{UTC} or @samp{Z} -for Coordinated Universal -Time. Any included periods are ignored. By following a -non-daylight-saving time zone by the string @samp{DST} in a separate -word (that is, separated by some white space), the corresponding -daylight saving time zone may be specified. -Alternatively, a non-daylight-saving time zone can be followed by a -time zone correction, to add the two values. This is normally done -only for @samp{UTC}; for example, @samp{UTC+05:30} is equivalent to -@samp{+05:30}. - -Time zone items other than @samp{UTC} and @samp{Z} -are obsolescent and are not recommended, because they -are ambiguous; for example, @samp{EST} has a different meaning in -Australia than in the United States. Instead, it's better to use -unambiguous numeric time zone corrections like @samp{-0500}, as -described in the previous section. - -If neither a time zone item nor a time zone correction is supplied, -time stamps are interpreted using the rules of the default time zone -(@pxref{Specifying time zone rules}). - - -@node Day of week items -@section Day of week items - -@cindex day of week item - -The explicit mention of a day of the week will forward the date -(only if necessary) to reach that day of the week in the future. - -Days of the week may be spelled out in full: @samp{Sunday}, -@samp{Monday}, @samp{Tuesday}, @samp{Wednesday}, @samp{Thursday}, -@samp{Friday} or @samp{Saturday}. Days may be abbreviated to their -first three letters, optionally followed by a period. The special -abbreviations @samp{Tues} for @samp{Tuesday}, @samp{Wednes} for -@samp{Wednesday} and @samp{Thur} or @samp{Thurs} for @samp{Thursday} are -also allowed. - -@findex next @var{day} -@findex last @var{day} -A number may precede a day of the week item to move forward -supplementary weeks. It is best used in expression like @samp{third -monday}. In this context, @samp{last @var{day}} or @samp{next -@var{day}} is also acceptable; they move one week before or after -the day that @var{day} by itself would represent. - -A comma following a day of the week item is ignored. - - -@node Relative items in date strings -@section Relative items in date strings - -@cindex relative items in date strings -@cindex displacement of dates - -@dfn{Relative items} adjust a date (or the current date if none) forward -or backward. The effects of relative items accumulate. Here are some -examples: - -@example -1 year -1 year ago -3 years -2 days -@end example - -@findex year @r{in date strings} -@findex month @r{in date strings} -@findex fortnight @r{in date strings} -@findex week @r{in date strings} -@findex day @r{in date strings} -@findex hour @r{in date strings} -@findex minute @r{in date strings} -The unit of time displacement may be selected by the string @samp{year} -or @samp{month} for moving by whole years or months. These are fuzzy -units, as years and months are not all of equal duration. More precise -units are @samp{fortnight} which is worth 14 days, @samp{week} worth 7 -days, @samp{day} worth 24 hours, @samp{hour} worth 60 minutes, -@samp{minute} or @samp{min} worth 60 seconds, and @samp{second} or -@samp{sec} worth one second. An @samp{s} suffix on these units is -accepted and ignored. - -@findex ago @r{in date strings} -The unit of time may be preceded by a multiplier, given as an optionally -signed number. Unsigned numbers are taken as positively signed. No -number at all implies 1 for a multiplier. Following a relative item by -the string @samp{ago} is equivalent to preceding the unit by a -multiplier with value @math{-1}. - -@findex day @r{in date strings} -@findex tomorrow @r{in date strings} -@findex yesterday @r{in date strings} -The string @samp{tomorrow} is worth one day in the future (equivalent -to @samp{day}), the string @samp{yesterday} is worth -one day in the past (equivalent to @samp{day ago}). - -@findex now @r{in date strings} -@findex today @r{in date strings} -@findex this @r{in date strings} -The strings @samp{now} or @samp{today} are relative items corresponding -to zero-valued time displacement, these strings come from the fact -a zero-valued time displacement represents the current time when not -otherwise changed by previous items. They may be used to stress other -items, like in @samp{12:00 today}. The string @samp{this} also has -the meaning of a zero-valued time displacement, but is preferred in -date strings like @samp{this thursday}. - -When a relative item causes the resulting date to cross a boundary -where the clocks were adjusted, typically for daylight saving time, -the resulting date and time are adjusted accordingly. - -The fuzz in units can cause problems with relative items. For -example, @samp{2003-07-31 -1 month} might evaluate to 2003-07-01, -because 2003-06-31 is an invalid date. To determine the previous -month more reliably, you can ask for the month before the 15th of the -current month. For example: - -@example -$ date -R -Thu, 31 Jul 2003 13:02:39 -0700 -$ date --date='-1 month' +'Last month was %B?' -Last month was July? -$ date --date="$(date +%Y-%m-15) -1 month" +'Last month was %B!' -Last month was June! -@end example - -Also, take care when manipulating dates around clock changes such as -daylight saving leaps. In a few cases these have added or subtracted -as much as 24 hours from the clock, so it is often wise to adopt -universal time by setting the @env{TZ} environment variable to -@samp{UTC0} before embarking on calendrical calculations. - -@node Pure numbers in date strings -@section Pure numbers in date strings - -@cindex pure numbers in date strings - -The precise interpretation of a pure decimal number depends -on the context in the date string. - -If the decimal number is of the form @var{yyyy}@var{mm}@var{dd} and no -other calendar date item (@pxref{Calendar date items}) appears before it -in the date string, then @var{yyyy} is read as the year, @var{mm} as the -month number and @var{dd} as the day of the month, for the specified -calendar date. - -If the decimal number is of the form @var{hh}@var{mm} and no other time -of day item appears before it in the date string, then @var{hh} is read -as the hour of the day and @var{mm} as the minute of the hour, for the -specified time of day. @var{mm} can also be omitted. - -If both a calendar date and a time of day appear to the left of a number -in the date string, but no relative item, then the number overrides the -year. - - -@node Seconds since the Epoch -@section Seconds since the Epoch - -If you precede a number with @samp{@@}, it represents an internal time -stamp as a count of seconds. The number can contain an internal -decimal point (either @samp{.} or @samp{,}); any excess precision not -supported by the internal representation is truncated toward minus -infinity. Such a number cannot be combined with any other date -item, as it specifies a complete time stamp. - -@cindex beginning of time, for @acronym{POSIX} -@cindex epoch, for @acronym{POSIX} -Internally, computer times are represented as a count of seconds since -an epoch---a well-defined point of time. On @acronym{GNU} and -@acronym{POSIX} systems, the epoch is 1970-01-01 00:00:00 @sc{utc}, so -@samp{@@0} represents this time, @samp{@@1} represents 1970-01-01 -00:00:01 @sc{utc}, and so forth. @acronym{GNU} and most other -@acronym{POSIX}-compliant systems support such times as an extension -to @acronym{POSIX}, using negative counts, so that @samp{@@-1} -represents 1969-12-31 23:59:59 @sc{utc}. - -Traditional Unix systems count seconds with 32-bit two's-complement -integers and can represent times from 1901-12-13 20:45:52 through -2038-01-19 03:14:07 @sc{utc}. More modern systems use 64-bit counts -of seconds with nanosecond subcounts, and can represent all the times -in the known lifetime of the universe to a resolution of 1 nanosecond. - -On most hosts, these counts ignore the presence of leap seconds. -For example, on most hosts @samp{@@915148799} represents 1998-12-31 -23:59:59 @sc{utc}, @samp{@@915148800} represents 1999-01-01 00:00:00 -@sc{utc}, and there is no way to represent the intervening leap second -1998-12-31 23:59:60 @sc{utc}. - -@node Specifying time zone rules -@section Specifying time zone rules - -@vindex TZ -Normally, dates are interpreted using the rules of the current time -zone, which in turn are specified by the @env{TZ} environment -variable, or by a system default if @env{TZ} is not set. To specify a -different set of default time zone rules that apply just to one date, -start the date with a string of the form @samp{TZ="@var{rule}"}. The -two quote characters (@samp{"}) must be present in the date, and any -quotes or backslashes within @var{rule} must be escaped by a -backslash. - -For example, with the @acronym{GNU} @command{date} command you can -answer the question ``What time is it in New York when a Paris clock -shows 6:30am on October 31, 2004?'' by using a date beginning with -@samp{TZ="Europe/Paris"} as shown in the following shell transcript: - -@example -$ export TZ="America/New_York" -$ date --date='TZ="Europe/Paris" 2004-10-31 06:30' -Sun Oct 31 01:30:00 EDT 2004 -@end example - -In this example, the @option{--date} operand begins with its own -@env{TZ} setting, so the rest of that operand is processed according -to @samp{Europe/Paris} rules, treating the string @samp{2004-10-31 -06:30} as if it were in Paris. However, since the output of the -@command{date} command is processed according to the overall time zone -rules, it uses New York time. (Paris was normally six hours ahead of -New York in 2004, but this example refers to a brief Halloween period -when the gap was five hours.) - -A @env{TZ} value is a rule that typically names a location in the -@uref{http://www.twinsun.com/tz/tz-link.htm, @samp{tz} database}. -A recent catalog of location names appears in the -@uref{http://twiki.org/cgi-bin/xtra/tzdate, TWiki Date and Time -Gateway}. A few non-@acronym{GNU} hosts require a colon before a -location name in a @env{TZ} setting, e.g., -@samp{TZ=":America/New_York"}. - -The @samp{tz} database includes a wide variety of locations ranging -from @samp{Arctic/Longyearbyen} to @samp{Antarctica/South_Pole}, but -if you are at sea and have your own private time zone, or if you are -using a non-@acronym{GNU} host that does not support the @samp{tz} -database, you may need to use a @acronym{POSIX} rule instead. Simple -@acronym{POSIX} rules like @samp{UTC0} specify a time zone without -daylight saving time; other rules can specify simple daylight saving -regimes. @xref{TZ Variable,, Specifying the Time Zone with @code{TZ}, -libc, The GNU C Library}. - -@node Authors of get_date -@section Authors of @code{get_date} - -@cindex authors of @code{get_date} - -@cindex Bellovin, Steven M. -@cindex Salz, Rich -@cindex Berets, Jim -@cindex MacKenzie, David -@cindex Meyering, Jim -@cindex Eggert, Paul -@code{get_date} was originally implemented by Steven M. Bellovin -(@email{smb@@research.att.com}) while at the University of North Carolina -at Chapel Hill. The code was later tweaked by a couple of people on -Usenet, then completely overhauled by Rich $alz (@email{rsalz@@bbn.com}) -and Jim Berets (@email{jberets@@bbn.com}) in August, 1990. Various -revisions for the @sc{gnu} system were made by David MacKenzie, Jim Meyering, -Paul Eggert and others. - -@cindex Pinard, F. -@cindex Berry, K. -This chapter was originally produced by Fran@,{c}ois Pinard -(@email{pinard@@iro.umontreal.ca}) from the @file{getdate.y} source code, -and then edited by K.@: Berry (@email{kb@@cs.umb.edu}). |