tests: convert nearly all `...` expressions to $(...)

Exempt init.sh because it runs before we're assured to have a
shell that groks $(...).  Exempt *.mk because "$" would have to
be doubled, and besides, any `...` expression in a .mk file is
almost certainly evaluated before init.sh is run.  Finally, also
exempt the perl-based tests, because perl's `...` cannot be
converted to $(...).  Do that by running this command:

git grep -l '`.*`' tests \
  | grep -Ev 'init\.sh|\.mk$' | xargs grep -Lw perl \
  | xargs perl -pi -e 's/`(.*?)`/\$($1)/g'

One minor fix-up change was required after that, due to how
quoting differs:
diff --git a/tests/chmod/equals b/tests/chmod/equals
-    expected_perms=$(eval 'echo \$expected_'$dest)
+    expected_perms=$(eval 'echo $expected_'$dest)

Another was to make these required quoting adjustments:
diff --git a/tests/misc/stty b/tests/misc/stty
...
-  rev=$(eval echo "\\\$REV_$opt")
+  rev=$(eval echo "\$REV_$opt")
...
-      rev1=$(eval echo "\\\$REV_$opt1")
-      rev2=$(eval echo "\\\$REV_$opt2")
+      rev1=$(eval echo "\$REV_$opt1")
+      rev2=$(eval echo "\$REV_$opt2")

Also, transform two files that were needlessly excluded above:
(both use perl, but are mostly bourne shell)

  perl -pi -e 's/`(.*?)`/\$($1)/g' \
    tests/du/long-from-unreadable tests/init.cfg

1 files changed, 2 insertions, 2 deletions

diff --git a/tests/rm/readdir-bug b/tests/rm/readdir-bug
index 939ce9862..711e1bc0e 100755
--- a/tests/rm/readdir-bug
+++ b/tests/rm/readdir-bug
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ print_ver_ rm
 # http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-coreutils/2006-09/msg00326.html
 mkdir b || framework_failure_
 cd b || framework_failure_
-for i in `seq 1 250`; do
-  touch `printf %040d $i` || framework_failure_
+for i in $(seq 1 250); do
+  touch $(printf %040d $i) || framework_failure_
 done
 cd .. || framework_failure_