tests: convert nearly all `...` expressions to $(...)

Exempt init.sh because it runs before we're assured to have a
shell that groks $(...).  Exempt *.mk because "$" would have to
be doubled, and besides, any `...` expression in a .mk file is
almost certainly evaluated before init.sh is run.  Finally, also
exempt the perl-based tests, because perl's `...` cannot be
converted to $(...).  Do that by running this command:

git grep -l '`.*`' tests \
  | grep -Ev 'init\.sh|\.mk$' | xargs grep -Lw perl \
  | xargs perl -pi -e 's/`(.*?)`/\$($1)/g'

One minor fix-up change was required after that, due to how
quoting differs:
diff --git a/tests/chmod/equals b/tests/chmod/equals
-    expected_perms=$(eval 'echo \$expected_'$dest)
+    expected_perms=$(eval 'echo $expected_'$dest)

Another was to make these required quoting adjustments:
diff --git a/tests/misc/stty b/tests/misc/stty
...
-  rev=$(eval echo "\\\$REV_$opt")
+  rev=$(eval echo "\$REV_$opt")
...
-      rev1=$(eval echo "\\\$REV_$opt1")
-      rev2=$(eval echo "\\\$REV_$opt2")
+      rev1=$(eval echo "\$REV_$opt1")
+      rev2=$(eval echo "\$REV_$opt2")

Also, transform two files that were needlessly excluded above:
(both use perl, but are mostly bourne shell)

  perl -pi -e 's/`(.*?)`/\$($1)/g' \
    tests/du/long-from-unreadable tests/init.cfg

1 files changed, 2 insertions, 2 deletions

diff --git a/tests/mkdir/p-3 b/tests/mkdir/p-3
index 90cbd9920..7031b2ede 100755
--- a/tests/mkdir/p-3
+++ b/tests/mkdir/p-3
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ mkdir no-access || framework_failure_
 mkdir no-acce2s || framework_failure_
 mkdir -p no-acce3s/d || framework_failure_
 
-p=`pwd`
+p=$(pwd)
 (cd no-access && chmod 0 . && mkdir -p "$p/a/b" u/v) 2> /dev/null && fail=1
 test -d "$p/a/b" || fail=1
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ if is_local_dir_ .; then
   test -d "$p/b/c" || fail=1
 fi
 
-b=`ls "$p/a" | tr -d '\n'`
+b=$(ls "$p/a" | tr -d '\n')
 # With coreutils-5.3.0, this would fail with $b=bu.
 test "x$b" = xb || fail=1