/*
 * This file is part of OpenTTD.
 * OpenTTD is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.
 * OpenTTD is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 * See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with OpenTTD. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */

/**
 * @file settings.cpp
 * All actions handling saving and loading of the settings/configuration goes on in this file.
 * The file consists of three parts:
 * <ol>
 * <li>Parsing the configuration file (openttd.cfg). This is achieved with the ini_ functions which
 *     handle various types, such as normal 'key = value' pairs, lists and value combinations of
 *     lists, strings, integers, 'bit'-masks and element selections.
 * <li>Handle reading and writing to the setting-structures from inside the game either from
 *     the console for example or through the gui with CMD_ functions.
 * <li>Handle saving/loading of the PATS chunk inside the savegame.
 * </ol>
 * @see SettingDesc
 * @see SaveLoad
 */

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <charconv>
#include "settings_table.h"
#include "debug.h"
#include "currency.h"
#include "network/network.h"
#include "network/network_func.h"
#include "network/core/config.h"
#include "command_func.h"
#include "console_func.h"
#include "genworld.h"
#include "window_func.h"
#include "company_func.h"
#include "rev.h"
#include "error.h"
#include "gamelog.h"
#include "settings_func.h"
#include "ini_type.h"
#include "ai/ai_config.hpp"
#include "game/game_config.hpp"
#include "newgrf_config.h"
#include "fios.h"
#include "fileio_func.h"
#include "settings_cmd.h"

#include "table/strings.h"

#include "safeguards.h"

ClientSettings _settings_client;
GameSettings _settings_game;     ///< Game settings of a running game or the scenario editor.
GameSettings _settings_newgame;  ///< Game settings for new games (updated from the intro screen).
VehicleDefaultSettings _old_vds; ///< Used for loading default vehicles settings from old savegames.
std::string _config_file; ///< Configuration file of OpenTTD.
std::string _private_file; ///< Private configuration file of OpenTTD.
std::string _secrets_file; ///< Secrets configuration file of OpenTTD.

typedef std::list<ErrorMessageData> ErrorList;
static ErrorList _settings_error_list; ///< Errors while loading minimal settings.

/**
 * List of all the generic setting tables.
 *
 * There are a few tables that are special and not processed like the rest:
 * - _currency_settings
 * - _misc_settings
 * - _company_settings
 * - _win32_settings
 * As such, they are not part of this list.
 */
static auto &GenericSettingTables()
{
	static const SettingTable _generic_setting_tables[] = {
		_difficulty_settings,
		_economy_settings,
		_game_settings,
		_gui_settings,
		_linkgraph_settings,
		_locale_settings,
		_multimedia_settings,
		_network_settings,
		_news_display_settings,
		_pathfinding_settings,
		_script_settings,
		_world_settings,
	};
	return _generic_setting_tables;
}

/**
 * List of all the private setting tables.
 */
static auto &PrivateSettingTables()
{
	static const SettingTable _private_setting_tables[] = {
		_network_private_settings,
	};
	return _private_setting_tables;
}

/**
 * List of all the secrets setting tables.
 */
static auto &SecretSettingTables()
{
	static const SettingTable _secrets_setting_tables[] = {
		_network_secrets_settings,
	};
	return _secrets_setting_tables;
}

typedef void SettingDescProc(IniFile &ini, const SettingTable &desc, const char *grpname, void *object, bool only_startup);
typedef void SettingDescProcList(IniFile &ini, const char *grpname, StringList &list);

static bool IsSignedVarMemType(VarType vt)
{
	switch (GetVarMemType(vt)) {
		case SLE_VAR_I8:
		case SLE_VAR_I16:
		case SLE_VAR_I32:
		case SLE_VAR_I64:
			return true;
	}
	return false;
}

/**
 * IniFile to store a configuration.
 */
class ConfigIniFile : public IniFile {
private:
	inline static const char * const list_group_names[] = {
		"bans",
		"newgrf",
		"servers",
		"server_bind_addresses",
		nullptr,
	};

public:
	ConfigIniFile(const std::string &filename) : IniFile(list_group_names)
	{
		this->LoadFromDisk(filename, NO_DIRECTORY);
	}
};

/**
 * Ini-file versions.
 *
 * Sometimes we move settings between different ini-files, as we need to know
 * when we have to load/remove it from the old versus reading it from the new
 * location. These versions assist with situations like that.
 */
enum IniFileVersion : uint32 {
	IFV_0,               ///< 0  All versions prior to introduction.
	IFV_PRIVATE_SECRETS, ///< 1  PR#9298  Moving of settings from openttd.cfg to private.cfg / secrets.cfg.
	IFV_GAME_TYPE,       ///< 2  PR#9515  Convert server_advertise to server_game_type.

	IFV_MAX_VERSION,     ///< Highest possible ini-file version.
};

const uint16 INIFILE_VERSION = (IniFileVersion)(IFV_MAX_VERSION - 1); ///< Current ini-file version of OpenTTD.

/**
 * Find the index value of a ONEofMANY type in a string separated by |
 * @param str the current value of the setting for which a value needs found
 * @param len length of the string
 * @param many full domain of values the ONEofMANY setting can have
 * @return the integer index of the full-list, or -1 if not found
 */
size_t OneOfManySettingDesc::ParseSingleValue(const char *str, size_t len, const std::vector<std::string> &many)
{
	/* check if it's an integer */
	if (isdigit(*str)) return strtoul(str, nullptr, 0);

	size_t idx = 0;
	for (auto one : many) {
		if (one.size() == len && strncmp(one.c_str(), str, len) == 0) return idx;
		idx++;
	}

	return (size_t)-1;
}

/**
 * Find the set-integer value MANYofMANY type in a string
 * @param many full domain of values the MANYofMANY setting can have
 * @param str the current string value of the setting, each individual
 * of separated by a whitespace,tab or | character
 * @return the 'fully' set integer, or -1 if a set is not found
 */
static size_t LookupManyOfMany(const std::vector<std::string> &many, const char *str)
{
	const char *s;
	size_t r;
	size_t res = 0;

	for (;;) {
		/* skip "whitespace" */
		while (*str == ' ' || *str == '\t' || *str == '|') str++;
		if (*str == 0) break;

		s = str;
		while (*s != 0 && *s != ' ' && *s != '\t' && *s != '|') s++;

		r = OneOfManySettingDesc::ParseSingleValue(str, s - str, many);
		if (r == (size_t)-1) return r;

		SetBit(res, (uint8)r); // value found, set it
		if (*s == 0) break;
		str = s + 1;
	}
	return res;
}

/**
 * Parse an integerlist string and set each found value
 * @param p the string to be parsed. Each element in the list is separated by a
 * comma or a space character
 * @param items pointer to the integerlist-array that will be filled with values
 * @param maxitems the maximum number of elements the integerlist-array has
 * @return returns the number of items found, or -1 on an error
 */
template<typename T>
static int ParseIntList(const char *p, T *items, int maxitems)
{
	int n = 0; // number of items read so far
	bool comma = false; // do we accept comma?

	while (*p != '\0') {
		switch (*p) {
			case ',':
				/* Do not accept multiple commas between numbers */
				if (!comma) return -1;
				comma = false;
				FALLTHROUGH;

			case ' ':
				p++;
				break;

			default: {
				if (n == maxitems) return -1; // we don't accept that many numbers
				char *end;
				unsigned long v = strtoul(p, &end, 0);
				if (p == end) return -1; // invalid character (not a number)
				if (sizeof(T) < sizeof(v)) v = Clamp<unsigned long>(v, std::numeric_limits<T>::min(), std::numeric_limits<T>::max());
				items[n++] = v;
				p = end; // first non-number
				comma = true; // we accept comma now
				break;
			}
		}
	}

	/* If we have read comma but no number after it, fail.
	 * We have read comma when (n != 0) and comma is not allowed */
	if (n != 0 && !comma) return -1;

	return n;
}

/**
 * Load parsed string-values into an integer-array (intlist)
 * @param str the string that contains the values (and will be parsed)
 * @param array pointer to the integer-arrays that will be filled
 * @param nelems the number of elements the array holds. Maximum is 64 elements
 * @param type the type of elements the array holds (eg INT8, UINT16, etc.)
 * @return return true on success and false on error
 */
static bool LoadIntList(const char *str, void *array, int nelems, VarType type)
{
	unsigned long items[64];
	int i, nitems;

	if (str == nullptr) {
		memset(items, 0, sizeof(items));
		nitems = nelems;
	} else {
		nitems = ParseIntList(str, items, lengthof(items));
		if (nitems != nelems) return false;
	}

	switch (type) {
		case SLE_VAR_BL:
		case SLE_VAR_I8:
		case SLE_VAR_U8:
			for (i = 0; i != nitems; i++) ((byte*)array)[i] = items[i];
			break;

		case SLE_VAR_I16:
		case SLE_VAR_U16:
			for (i = 0; i != nitems; i++) ((uint16*)array)[i] = items[i];
			break;

		case SLE_VAR_I32:
		case SLE_VAR_U32:
			for (i = 0; i != nitems; i++) ((uint32*)array)[i] = items[i];
			break;

		default: NOT_REACHED();
	}

	return true;
}

/**
 * Convert an integer-array (intlist) to a string representation. Each value
 * is separated by a comma or a space character
 * @param buf output buffer where the string-representation will be stored
 * @param last last item to write to in the output buffer
 * @param array pointer to the integer-arrays that is read from
 * @param nelems the number of elements the array holds.
 * @param type the type of elements the array holds (eg INT8, UINT16, etc.)
 */
void ListSettingDesc::FormatValue(char *buf, const char *last, const void *object) const
{
	const byte *p = static_cast<const byte *>(GetVariableAddress(object, this->save));
	int i, v = 0;

	for (i = 0; i != this->save.length; i++) {
		switch (GetVarMemType(this->save.conv)) {
			case SLE_VAR_BL:
			case SLE_VAR_I8:  v = *(const   int8 *)p; p += 1; break;
			case SLE_VAR_U8:  v = *(const  uint8 *)p; p += 1; break;
			case SLE_VAR_I16: v = *(const  int16 *)p; p += 2; break;
			case SLE_VAR_U16: v = *(const uint16 *)p; p += 2; break;
			case SLE_VAR_I32: v = *(const  int32 *)p; p += 4; break;
			case SLE_VAR_U32: v = *(const uint32 *)p; p += 4; break;
			default: NOT_REACHED();
		}
		if (IsSignedVarMemType(this->save.conv)) {
			buf += seprintf(buf, last, (i == 0) ? "%d" : ",%d", v);
		} else {
			buf += seprintf(buf, last, (i == 0) ? "%u" : ",%u", v);
		}
	}
}

char *OneOfManySettingDesc::FormatSingleValue(char *buf, const char *last, uint id) const
{
	if (id >= this->many.size()) {
		return buf + seprintf(buf, last, "%d", id);
	}
	return strecpy(buf, this->many[id].c_str(), last);
}

void OneOfManySettingDesc::FormatValue(char *buf, const char *last, const void *object) const
{
	uint id = (uint)this->Read(object);
	this->FormatSingleValue(buf, last, id);
}

void ManyOfManySettingDesc::FormatValue(char *buf, const char *last, const void *object) const
{
	uint bitmask = (uint)this->Read(object);
	bool first = true;
	for (uint id : SetBitIterator(bitmask)) {
		if (!first) buf = strecpy(buf, "|", last);
		buf = this->FormatSingleValue(buf, last, id);
		first = false;
	}
}

/**
 * Convert a string representation (external) of an integer-like setting to an integer.
 * @param str Input string that will be parsed based on the type of desc.
 * @return The value from the parse string, or the default value of the setting.
 */
size_t IntSettingDesc::ParseValue(const char *str) const
{
	char *end;
	size_t val = strtoul(str, &end, 0);
	if (end == str) {
		ErrorMessageData msg(STR_CONFIG_ERROR, STR_CONFIG_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE);
		msg.SetDParamStr(0, str);
		msg.SetDParamStr(1, this->GetName());
		_settings_error_list.push_back(msg);
		return this->def;
	}
	if (*end != '\0') {
		ErrorMessageData msg(STR_CONFIG_ERROR, STR_CONFIG_ERROR_TRAILING_CHARACTERS);
		msg.SetDParamStr(0, this->GetName());
		_settings_error_list.push_back(msg);
	}
	return val;
}

size_t OneOfManySettingDesc::ParseValue(const char *str) const
{
	size_t r = OneOfManySettingDesc::ParseSingleValue(str, strlen(str), this->many);
	/* if the first attempt of conversion from string to the appropriate value fails,
		* look if we have defined a converter from old value to new value. */
	if (r == (size_t)-1 && this->many_cnvt != nullptr) r = this->many_cnvt(str);
	if (r != (size_t)-1) return r; // and here goes converted value

	ErrorMessageData msg(STR_CONFIG_ERROR, STR_CONFIG_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE);
	msg.SetDParamStr(0, str);
	msg.SetDParamStr(1, this->GetName());
	_settings_error_list.push_back(msg);
	return this->def;
}

size_t ManyOfManySettingDesc::ParseValue(const char *str) const
{
	size_t r = LookupManyOfMany(this->many, str);
	if (r != (size_t)-1) return r;
	ErrorMessageData msg(STR_CONFIG_ERROR, STR_CONFIG_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE);
	msg.SetDParamStr(0, str);
	msg.SetDParamStr(1, this->GetName());
	_settings_error_list.push_back(msg);
	return this->def;
}

size_t BoolSettingDesc::ParseValue(const char *str) const
{
	if (strcmp(str, "true") == 0 || strcmp(str, "on") == 0 || strcmp(str, "1") == 0) return true;
	if (strcmp(str, "false") == 0 || strcmp(str, "off") == 0 || strcmp(str, "0") == 0) return false;

	ErrorMessageData msg(STR_CONFIG_ERROR, STR_CONFIG_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE);
	msg.SetDParamStr(0, str);
	msg.SetDParamStr(1, this->GetName());
	_settings_error_list.push_back(msg);
	return this->def;
}

/**
 * Make the value valid and then write it to the setting.
 * See #MakeValidValid and #Write for more details.
 * @param object The object the setting is to be saved in.
 * @param val Signed version of the new value.
 */
void IntSettingDesc::MakeValueValidAndWrite(const void *object, int32 val) const
{
	this->MakeValueValid(val);
	this->Write(object, val);
}

/**
 * Make the value valid given the limitations of this setting.
 *
 * In the case of int settings this is ensuring the value is between the minimum and
 * maximum value, with a special case for 0 if SF_GUI_0_IS_SPECIAL is set.
 * This is generally done by clamping the value so it is within the allowed value range.
 * However, for SF_GUI_DROPDOWN the default is used when the value is not valid.
 * @param val The value to make valid.
 */
void IntSettingDesc::MakeValueValid(int32 &val) const
{
	/* We need to take special care of the uint32 type as we receive from the function
	 * a signed integer. While here also bail out on 64-bit settings as those are not
	 * supported. Unsigned 8 and 16-bit variables are safe since they fit into a signed
	 * 32-bit variable
	 * TODO: Support 64-bit settings/variables; requires 64 bit over command protocol! */
	switch (GetVarMemType(this->save.conv)) {
		case SLE_VAR_NULL: return;
		case SLE_VAR_BL:
		case SLE_VAR_I8:
		case SLE_VAR_U8:
		case SLE_VAR_I16:
		case SLE_VAR_U16:
		case SLE_VAR_I32: {
			/* Override the minimum value. No value below this->min, except special value 0 */
			if (!(this->flags & SF_GUI_0_IS_SPECIAL) || val != 0) {
				if (!(this->flags & SF_GUI_DROPDOWN)) {
					/* Clamp value-type setting to its valid range */
					val = Clamp(val, this->min, this->max);
				} else if (val < this->min || val > (int32)this->max) {
					/* Reset invalid discrete setting (where different values change gameplay) to its default value */
					val = this->def;
				}
			}
			break;
		}
		case SLE_VAR_U32: {
			/* Override the minimum value. No value below this->min, except special value 0 */
			uint32 uval = (uint32)val;
			if (!(this->flags & SF_GUI_0_IS_SPECIAL) || uval != 0) {
				if (!(this->flags & SF_GUI_DROPDOWN)) {
					/* Clamp value-type setting to its valid range */
					uval = ClampU(uval, this->min, this->max);
				} else if (uval < (uint)this->min || uval > this->max) {
					/* Reset invalid discrete setting to its default value */
					uval = (uint32)this->def;
				}
			}
			val = (int32)uval;
			return;
		}
		case SLE_VAR_I64:
		case SLE_VAR_U64:
		default: NOT_REACHED();
	}
}

/**
 * Set the value of a setting.
 * @param object The object the setting is to be saved in.
 * @param val Signed version of the new value.
 */
void IntSettingDesc::Write(const void *object, int32 val) const
{
	void *ptr = GetVariableAddress(object, this->save);
	WriteValue(ptr, this->save.conv, (int64)val);
}

/**
 * Read the integer from the the actual setting.
 * @param object The object the setting is to be saved in.
 * @return The value of the saved integer.
 */
int32 IntSettingDesc::Read(const void *object) const
{
	void *ptr = GetVariableAddress(object, this->save);
	return (int32)ReadValue(ptr, this->save.conv);
}

/**
 * Make the value valid given the limitations of this setting.
 *
 * In the case of string settings this is ensuring the string contains only accepted
 * Utf8 characters and is at most the maximum length defined in this setting.
 * @param str The string to make valid.
 */
void StringSettingDesc::MakeValueValid(std::string &str) const
{
	if (this->max_length == 0 || str.size() < this->max_length) return;

	/* In case a maximum length is imposed by the setting, the length
	 * includes the '\0' termination for network transfer purposes.
	 * Also ensure the string is valid after chopping of some bytes. */
	std::string stdstr(str, this->max_length - 1);
	str.assign(StrMakeValid(stdstr, SVS_NONE));
}

/**
 * Write a string to the actual setting.
 * @param object The object the setting is to be saved in.
 * @param str The string to save.
 */
void StringSettingDesc::Write(const void *object, const std::string &str) const
{
	reinterpret_cast<std::string *>(GetVariableAddress(object, this->save))->assign(str);
}

/**
 * Read the string from the the actual setting.
 * @param object The object the setting is to be saved in.
 * @return The value of the saved string.
 */
const std::string &StringSettingDesc::Read(const void *object) const
{
	return *reinterpret_cast<std::string *>(GetVariableAddress(object, this->save));
}

/**
 * Load values from a group of an IniFile structure into the internal representation
 * @param ini pointer to IniFile structure that holds administrative information
 * @param settings_table table with SettingDesc structures whose internally pointed variables will
 *        be given values
 * @param grpname the group of the IniFile to search in for the new values
 * @param object pointer to the object been loaded
 * @param only_startup load only the startup settings set
 */
static void IniLoadSettings(IniFile &ini, const SettingTable &settings_table, const char *grpname, void *object, bool only_startup)
{
	IniGroup *group;
	IniGroup *group_def = ini.GetGroup(grpname);

	for (auto &desc : settings_table) {
		const SettingDesc *sd = GetSettingDesc(desc);
		if (!SlIsObjectCurrentlyValid(sd->save.version_from, sd->save.version_to)) continue;
		if (sd->startup != only_startup) continue;

		/* For settings.xx.yy load the settings from [xx] yy = ? */
		std::string s{ sd->GetName() };
		auto sc = s.find('.');
		if (sc != std::string::npos) {
			group = ini.GetGroup(s.substr(0, sc));
			s = s.substr(sc + 1);
		} else {
			group = group_def;
		}

		IniItem *item = group->GetItem(s, false);
		if (item == nullptr && group != group_def) {
			/* For settings.xx.yy load the settings from [settings] yy = ? in case the previous
			 * did not exist (e.g. loading old config files with a [settings] section */
			item = group_def->GetItem(s, false);
		}
		if (item == nullptr) {
			/* For settings.xx.zz.yy load the settings from [zz] yy = ? in case the previous
			 * did not exist (e.g. loading old config files with a [yapf] section */
			sc = s.find('.');
			if (sc != std::string::npos) item = ini.GetGroup(s.substr(0, sc))->GetItem(s.substr(sc + 1), false);
		}

		sd->ParseValue(item, object);
	}
}

void IntSettingDesc::ParseValue(const IniItem *item, void *object) const
{
	size_t val = (item == nullptr) ? this->def : this->ParseValue(item->value.has_value() ? item->value->c_str() : "");
	this->MakeValueValidAndWrite(object, (int32)val);
}

void StringSettingDesc::ParseValue(const IniItem *item, void *object) const
{
	std::string str = (item == nullptr) ? this->def : item->value.value_or("");
	this->MakeValueValid(str);
	this->Write(object, str);
}

void ListSettingDesc::ParseValue(const IniItem *item, void *object) const
{
	const char *str = (item == nullptr) ? this->def : item->value.has_value() ? item->value->c_str() : nullptr;
	void *ptr = GetVariableAddress(object, this->save);
	if (!LoadIntList(str, ptr, this->save.length, GetVarMemType(this->save.conv))) {
		ErrorMessageData msg(STR_CONFIG_ERROR, STR_CONFIG_ERROR_ARRAY);
		msg.SetDParamStr(0, this->GetName());
		_settings_error_list.push_back(msg);

		/* Use default */
		LoadIntList(this->def, ptr, this->save.length, GetVarMemType(this->save.conv));
	}
}

/**
 * Save the values of settings to the inifile.
 * @param ini pointer to IniFile structure
 * @param sd read-only SettingDesc structure which contains the unmodified,
 *        loaded values of the configuration file and various information about it
 * @param grpname holds the name of the group (eg. [network]) where these will be saved
 * @param object pointer to the object been saved
 * The function works as follows: for each item in the SettingDesc structure we
 * have a look if the value has changed since we started the game (the original
 * values are reloaded when saving). If settings indeed have changed, we get
 * these and save them.
 */
static void IniSaveSettings(IniFile &ini, const SettingTable &settings_table, const char *grpname, void *object, bool)
{
	IniGroup *group_def = nullptr, *group;
	IniItem *item;
	char buf[512];

	for (auto &desc : settings_table) {
		const SettingDesc *sd = GetSettingDesc(desc);
		/* If the setting is not saved to the configuration
		 * file, just continue with the next setting */
		if (!SlIsObjectCurrentlyValid(sd->save.version_from, sd->save.version_to)) continue;
		if (sd->flags & SF_NOT_IN_CONFIG) continue;

		/* XXX - wtf is this?? (group override?) */
		std::string s{ sd->GetName() };
		auto sc = s.find('.');
		if (sc != std::string::npos) {
			group = ini.GetGroup(s.substr(0, sc));
			s = s.substr(sc + 1);
		} else {
			if (group_def == nullptr) group_def = ini.GetGroup(grpname);
			group = group_def;
		}

		item = group->GetItem(s, true);

		if (!item->value.has_value() || !sd->IsSameValue(item, object)) {
			/* Value has changed, get the new value and put it into a buffer */
			sd->FormatValue(buf, lastof(buf), object);

			/* The value is different, that means we have to write it to the ini */
			item->value.emplace(buf);
		}
	}
}

void IntSettingDesc::FormatValue(char *buf, const char *last, const void *object) const
{
	uint32 i = (uint32)this->Read(object);
	seprintf(buf, last, IsSignedVarMemType(this->save.conv) ? "%d" : "%u", i);
}

void BoolSettingDesc::FormatValue(char *buf, const char *last, const void *object) const
{
	bool val = this->Read(object) != 0;
	strecpy(buf, val ? "true" : "false", last);
}

bool IntSettingDesc::IsSameValue(const IniItem *item, void *object) const
{
	int32 item_value = (int32)this->ParseValue(item->value->c_str());
	int32 object_value = this->Read(object);
	return item_value == object_value;
}

void StringSettingDesc::FormatValue(char *buf, const char *last, const void *object) const
{
	const std::string &str = this->Read(object);
	switch (GetVarMemType(this->save.conv)) {
		case SLE_VAR_STR: strecpy(buf, str.c_str(), last); break;

		case SLE_VAR_STRQ:
			if (str.empty()) {
				buf[0] = '\0';
			} else {
				seprintf(buf, last, "\"%s\"", str.c_str());
			}
			break;

		default: NOT_REACHED();
	}
}

bool StringSettingDesc::IsSameValue(const IniItem *item, void *object) const
{
	/* The ini parsing removes the quotes, which are needed to retain the spaces in STRQs,
	 * so those values are always different in the parsed ini item than they should be. */
	if (GetVarMemType(this->save.conv) == SLE_VAR_STRQ) return false;

	const std::string &str = this->Read(object);
	return item->value->compare(str) == 0;
}

bool ListSettingDesc::IsSameValue(const IniItem *item, void *object) const
{
	/* Checking for equality is way more expensive than just writing the value. */
	return false;
}

/**
 * Loads all items from a 'grpname' section into a list
 * The list parameter can be a nullptr pointer, in this case nothing will be
 * saved and a callback function should be defined that will take over the
 * list-handling and store the data itself somewhere.
 * @param ini IniFile handle to the ini file with the source data
 * @param grpname character string identifying the section-header of the ini file that will be parsed
 * @param list new list with entries of the given section
 */
static void IniLoadSettingList(IniFile &ini, const char *grpname, StringList &list)
{
	IniGroup *group = ini.GetGroup(grpname);

	if (group == nullptr) return;

	list.clear();

	for (const IniItem *item = group->item; item != nullptr; item = item->next) {
		if (!item->name.empty()) list.push_back(item->name);
	}
}

/**
 * Saves all items from a list into the 'grpname' section
 * The list parameter can be a nullptr pointer, in this case a callback function
 * should be defined that will provide the source data to be saved.
 * @param ini IniFile handle to the ini file where the destination data is saved
 * @param grpname character string identifying the section-header of the ini file
 * @param list pointer to an string(pointer) array that will be used as the
 *             source to be saved into the relevant ini section
 */
static void IniSaveSettingList(IniFile &ini, const char *grpname, StringList &list)
{
	IniGroup *group = ini.GetGroup(grpname);

	if (group == nullptr) return;
	group->Clear();

	for (const auto &iter : list) {
		group->GetItem(iter, true)->SetValue("");
	}
}

/**
 * Load a WindowDesc from config.
 * @param ini IniFile handle to the ini file with the source data
 * @param grpname character string identifying the section-header of the ini file that will be parsed
 * @param desc Destination WindowDesc
 */
void IniLoadWindowSettings(IniFile &ini, const char *grpname, void *desc)
{
	IniLoadSettings(ini, _window_settings, grpname, desc, false);
}

/**
 * Save a WindowDesc to config.
 * @param ini IniFile handle to the ini file where the destination data is saved
 * @param grpname character string identifying the section-header of the ini file
 * @param desc Source WindowDesc
 */
void IniSaveWindowSettings(IniFile &ini, const char *grpname, void *desc)
{
	IniSaveSettings(ini, _window_settings, grpname, desc, false);
}

/**
 * Check whether the setting is editable in the current gamemode.
 * @param do_command true if this is about checking a command from the server.
 * @return true if editable.
 */
bool SettingDesc::IsEditable(bool do_command) const
{
	if (!do_command && !(this->flags & SF_NO_NETWORK_SYNC) && _networking && !_network_server && !(this->flags & SF_PER_COMPANY)) return false;
	if ((this->flags & SF_NETWORK_ONLY) && !_networking && _game_mode != GM_MENU) return false;
	if ((this->flags & SF_NO_NETWORK) && _networking) return false;
	if ((this->flags & SF_NEWGAME_ONLY) &&
			(_game_mode == GM_NORMAL ||
			(_game_mode == GM_EDITOR && !(this->flags & SF_SCENEDIT_TOO)))) return false;
	if ((this->flags & SF_SCENEDIT_ONLY) && _game_mode != GM_EDITOR) return false;
	return true;
}

/**
 * Return the type of the setting.
 * @return type of setting
 */
SettingType SettingDesc::GetType() const
{
	if (this->flags & SF_PER_COMPANY) return ST_COMPANY;
	return (this->flags & SF_NOT_IN_SAVE) ? ST_CLIENT : ST_GAME;
}

/**
 * Get the setting description of this setting as an integer setting.
 * @return The integer setting description.
 */
const IntSettingDesc *SettingDesc::AsIntSetting() const
{
	assert(this->IsIntSetting());
	return static_cast<const IntSettingDesc *>(this);
}

/**
 * Get the setting description of this setting as a string setting.
 * @return The string setting description.
 */
const StringSettingDesc *SettingDesc::AsStringSetting() const
{
	assert(this->IsStringSetting());
	return static_cast<const StringSettingDesc *>(this);
}

void PrepareOldDiffCustom();
void HandleOldDiffCustom(bool savegame);


/** Checks if any settings are set to incorrect values, and sets them to correct values in that case. */
static void ValidateSettings()
{
	/* Do not allow a custom sea level with the original land generator. */
	if (_settings_newgame.game_creation.land_generator == LG_ORIGINAL &&
			_settings_newgame.difficulty.quantity_sea_lakes == CUSTOM_SEA_LEVEL_NUMBER_DIFFICULTY) {
		_settings_newgame.difficulty.quantity_sea_lakes = CUSTOM_SEA_LEVEL_MIN_PERCENTAGE;
	}
}

static void AILoadConfig(IniFile &ini, const char *grpname)
{
	IniGroup *group = ini.GetGroup(grpname);
	IniItem *item;

	/* Clean any configured AI */
	for (CompanyID c = COMPANY_FIRST; c < MAX_COMPANIES; c++) {
		AIConfig::GetConfig(c, AIConfig::SSS_FORCE_NEWGAME)->Change(nullptr);
	}

	/* If no group exists, return */
	if (group == nullptr) return;

	CompanyID c = COMPANY_FIRST;
	for (item = group->item; c < MAX_COMPANIES && item != nullptr; c++, item = item->next) {
		AIConfig *config = AIConfig::GetConfig(c, AIConfig::SSS_FORCE_NEWGAME);

		config->Change(item->name.c_str());
		if (!config->HasScript()) {
			if (item->name != "none") {
				Debug(script, 0, "The AI by the name '{}' was no longer found, and removed from the list.", item->name);
				continue;
			}
		}
		if (item->value.has_value()) config->StringToSettings(*item->value);
	}
}

static void GameLoadConfig(IniFile &ini, const char *grpname)
{
	IniGroup *group = ini.GetGroup(grpname);
	IniItem *item;

	/* Clean any configured GameScript */
	GameConfig::GetConfig(GameConfig::SSS_FORCE_NEWGAME)->Change(nullptr);

	/* If no group exists, return */
	if (group == nullptr) return;

	item = group->item;
	if (item == nullptr) return;

	GameConfig *config = GameConfig::GetConfig(AIConfig::SSS_FORCE_NEWGAME);

	config->Change(item->name.c_str());
	if (!config->HasScript()) {
		if (item->name != "none") {
			Debug(script, 0, "The GameScript by the name '{}' was no longer found, and removed from the list.", item->name);
			return;
		}
	}
	if (item->value.has_value()) config->StringToSettings(*item->value);
}

/**
 * Convert a character to a hex nibble value, or \c -1 otherwise.
 * @param c Character to convert.
 * @return Hex value of the character, or \c -1 if not a hex digit.
 */
static int DecodeHexNibble(char c)
{
	if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') return c - '0';
	if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') return c + 10 - 'A';
	if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') return c + 10 - 'a';
	return -1;
}

/**
 * Parse a sequence of characters (supposedly hex digits) into a sequence of bytes.
 * After the hex number should be a \c '|' character.
 * @param pos First character to convert.
 * @param[out] dest Output byte array to write the bytes.
 * @param dest_size Number of bytes in \a dest.
 * @return Whether reading was successful.
 */
static bool DecodeHexText(const char *pos, uint8 *dest, size_t dest_size)
{
	while (dest_size > 0) {
		int hi = DecodeHexNibble(pos[0]);
		int lo = (hi >= 0) ? DecodeHexNibble(pos[1]) : -1;
		if (lo < 0) return false;
		*dest++ = (hi << 4) | lo;
		pos += 2;
		dest_size--;
	}
	return *pos == '|';
}

/**
 * Load a GRF configuration
 * @param ini       The configuration to read from.
 * @param grpname   Group name containing the configuration of the GRF.
 * @param is_static GRF is static.
 */
static GRFConfig *GRFLoadConfig(IniFile &ini, const char *grpname, bool is_static)
{
	IniGroup *group = ini.GetGroup(grpname);
	IniItem *item;
	GRFConfig *first = nullptr;
	GRFConfig **curr = &first;

	if (group == nullptr) return nullptr;

	uint num_grfs = 0;
	for (item = group->item; item != nullptr; item = item->next) {
		GRFConfig *c = nullptr;

		uint8 grfid_buf[4], md5sum[16];
		const char *filename = item->name.c_str();
		bool has_grfid = false;
		bool has_md5sum = false;

		/* Try reading "<grfid>|" and on success, "<md5sum>|". */
		has_grfid = DecodeHexText(filename, grfid_buf, lengthof(grfid_buf));
		if (has_grfid) {
			filename += 1 + 2 * lengthof(grfid_buf);
			has_md5sum = DecodeHexText(filename, md5sum, lengthof(md5sum));
			if (has_md5sum) filename += 1 + 2 * lengthof(md5sum);

			uint32 grfid = grfid_buf[0] | (grfid_buf[1] << 8) | (grfid_buf[2] << 16) | (grfid_buf[3] << 24);
			if (has_md5sum) {
				const GRFConfig *s = FindGRFConfig(grfid, FGCM_EXACT, md5sum);
				if (s != nullptr) c = new GRFConfig(*s);
			}
			if (c == nullptr && !FioCheckFileExists(filename, NEWGRF_DIR)) {
				const GRFConfig *s = FindGRFConfig(grfid, FGCM_NEWEST_VALID);
				if (s != nullptr) c = new GRFConfig(*s);
			}
		}
		if (c == nullptr) c = new GRFConfig(filename);

		/* Parse parameters */
		if (item->value.has_value() && !item->value->empty()) {
			int count = ParseIntList(item->value->c_str(), c->param, lengthof(c->param));
			if (count < 0) {
				SetDParamStr(0, filename);
				ShowErrorMessage(STR_CONFIG_ERROR, STR_CONFIG_ERROR_ARRAY, WL_CRITICAL);
				count = 0;
			}
			c->num_params = count;
		}

		/* Check if item is valid */
		if (!FillGRFDetails(c, is_static) || HasBit(c->flags, GCF_INVALID)) {
			if (c->status == GCS_NOT_FOUND) {
				SetDParam(1, STR_CONFIG_ERROR_INVALID_GRF_NOT_FOUND);
			} else if (HasBit(c->flags, GCF_UNSAFE)) {
				SetDParam(1, STR_CONFIG_ERROR_INVALID_GRF_UNSAFE);
			} else if (HasBit(c->flags, GCF_SYSTEM)) {
				SetDParam(1, STR_CONFIG_ERROR_INVALID_GRF_SYSTEM);
			} else if (HasBit(c->flags, GCF_INVALID)) {
				SetDParam(1, STR_CONFIG_ERROR_INVALID_GRF_INCOMPATIBLE);
			} else {
				SetDParam(1, STR_CONFIG_ERROR_INVALID_GRF_UNKNOWN);
			}

			SetDParamStr(0, StrEmpty(filename) ? item->name : filename);
			ShowErrorMessage(STR_CONFIG_ERROR, STR_CONFIG_ERROR_INVALID_GRF, WL_CRITICAL);
			delete c;
			continue;
		}

		/* Check for duplicate GRFID (will also check for duplicate filenames) */
		bool duplicate = false;
		for (const GRFConfig *gc = first; gc != nullptr; gc = gc->next) {
			if (gc->ident.grfid == c->ident.grfid) {
				SetDParamStr(0, c->filename);
				SetDParamStr(1, gc->filename);
				ShowErrorMessage(STR_CONFIG_ERROR, STR_CONFIG_ERROR_DUPLICATE_GRFID, WL_CRITICAL);
				duplicate = true;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (duplicate) {
			delete c;
			continue;
		}

		if (is_static) {
			/* Mark file as static to avoid saving in savegame. */
			SetBit(c->flags, GCF_STATIC);
		} else if (++num_grfs > NETWORK_MAX_GRF_COUNT) {
			/* Check we will not load more non-static NewGRFs than allowed. This could trigger issues for game servers. */
			ShowErrorMessage(STR_CONFIG_ERROR, STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_TOO_MANY_NEWGRFS_LOADED, WL_CRITICAL);
			break;
		}

		/* Add item to list */
		*curr = c;
		curr = &c->next;
	}

	return first;
}

static IniFileVersion LoadVersionFromConfig(IniFile &ini)
{
	IniGroup *group = ini.GetGroup("version");

	auto version_number = group->GetItem("ini_version", false);
	/* Older ini-file versions don't have this key yet. */
	if (version_number == nullptr || !version_number->value.has_value()) return IFV_0;

	uint32 version = 0;
	std::from_chars(version_number->value->data(), version_number->value->data() + version_number->value->size(), version);

	return static_cast<IniFileVersion>(version);
}

static void AISaveConfig(IniFile &ini, const char *grpname)
{
	IniGroup *group = ini.GetGroup(grpname);

	if (group == nullptr) return;
	group->Clear();

	for (CompanyID c = COMPANY_FIRST; c < MAX_COMPANIES; c++) {
		AIConfig *config = AIConfig::GetConfig(c, AIConfig::SSS_FORCE_NEWGAME);
		const char *name;
		std::string value = config->SettingsToString();

		if (config->HasScript()) {
			name = config->GetName();
		} else {
			name = "none";
		}

		IniItem *item = new IniItem(group, name);
		item->SetValue(value);
	}
}

static void GameSaveConfig(IniFile &ini, const char *grpname)
{
	IniGroup *group = ini.GetGroup(grpname);

	if (group == nullptr) return;
	group->Clear();

	GameConfig *config = GameConfig::GetConfig(AIConfig::SSS_FORCE_NEWGAME);
	const char *name;
	std::string value = config->SettingsToString();

	if (config->HasScript()) {
		name = config->GetName();
	} else {
		name = "none";
	}

	IniItem *item = new IniItem(group, name);
	item->SetValue(value);
}

/**
 * Save the version of OpenTTD to the ini file.
 * @param ini the ini to write to
 */
static void SaveVersionInConfig(IniFile &ini)
{
	IniGroup *group = ini.GetGroup("version");
	group->GetItem("version_string", true)->SetValue(_openttd_revision);
	group->GetItem("version_number", true)->SetValue(fmt::format("{:08X}", _openttd_newgrf_version));
	group->GetItem("ini_version", true)->SetValue(std::to_string(INIFILE_VERSION));
}

/* Save a GRF configuration to the given group name */
static void GRFSaveConfig(IniFile &ini, const char *grpname, const GRFConfig *list)
{
	ini.RemoveGroup(grpname);
	IniGroup *group = ini.GetGroup(grpname);
	const GRFConfig *c;

	for (c = list; c != nullptr; c = c->next) {
		/* Hex grfid (4 bytes in nibbles), "|", hex md5sum (16 bytes in nibbles), "|", file system path. */
		char key[4 * 2 + 1 + 16 * 2 + 1 + MAX_PATH];
		char params[512];
		GRFBuildParamList(params, c, lastof(params));

		char *pos = key + seprintf(key, lastof(key), "%08X|", BSWAP32(c->ident.grfid));
		pos = md5sumToString(pos, lastof(key), c->ident.md5sum);
		seprintf(pos, lastof(key), "|%s", c->filename);
		group->GetItem(key, true)->SetValue(params);
	}
}

/* Common handler for saving/loading variables to the configuration file */
static void HandleSettingDescs(IniFile &generic_ini, IniFile &private_ini, IniFile &secrets_ini, SettingDescProc *proc, SettingDescProcList *proc_list, bool only_startup = false)
{
	proc(generic_ini, _misc_settings, "misc", nullptr, only_startup);
#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(DEDICATED)
	proc(generic_ini, _win32_settings, "win32", nullptr, only_startup);
#endif /* _WIN32 */

	/* The name "patches" is a fallback, as every setting should sets its own group. */

	for (auto &table : GenericSettingTables()) {
		proc(generic_ini, table, "patches", &_settings_newgame, only_startup);
	}
	for (auto &table : PrivateSettingTables()) {
		proc(private_ini, table, "patches", &_settings_newgame, only_startup);
	}
	for (auto &table : SecretSettingTables()) {
		proc(secrets_ini, table, "patches", &_settings_newgame, only_startup);
	}

	proc(generic_ini, _currency_settings, "currency", &_custom_currency, only_startup);
	proc(generic_ini, _company_settings, "company", &_settings_client.company, only_startup);

	if (!only_startup) {
		proc_list(private_ini, "server_bind_addresses", _network_bind_list);
		proc_list(private_ini, "servers", _network_host_list);
		proc_list(private_ini, "bans", _network_ban_list);
	}
}

/**
 * Remove all entries from a settings table from an ini-file.
 *
 * This is only useful if those entries are moved to another file, and you
 * want to clean up what is left behind.
 *
 * @param ini The ini file to remove the entries from.
 * @param table The table to look for entries to remove.
 */
static void RemoveEntriesFromIni(IniFile &ini, const SettingTable &table)
{
	for (auto &desc : table) {
		const SettingDesc *sd = GetSettingDesc(desc);

		/* For settings.xx.yy load the settings from [xx] yy = ? */
		std::string s{ sd->GetName() };
		auto sc = s.find('.');
		if (sc == std::string::npos) continue;

		IniGroup *group = ini.GetGroup(s.substr(0, sc));
		s = s.substr(sc + 1);

		group->RemoveItem(s);
	}
}

/**
 * Load the values from the configuration files
 * @param startup Load the minimal amount of the configuration to "bootstrap" the blitter and such.
 */
void LoadFromConfig(bool startup)
{
	ConfigIniFile generic_ini(_config_file);
	ConfigIniFile private_ini(_private_file);
	ConfigIniFile secrets_ini(_secrets_file);

	if (!startup) ResetCurrencies(false); // Initialize the array of currencies, without preserving the custom one

	IniFileVersion generic_version = LoadVersionFromConfig(generic_ini);

	/* Before the split of private/secrets, we have to look in the generic for these settings. */
	if (generic_version < IFV_PRIVATE_SECRETS) {
		HandleSettingDescs(generic_ini, generic_ini, generic_ini, IniLoadSettings, IniLoadSettingList, startup);
	} else {
		HandleSettingDescs(generic_ini, private_ini, secrets_ini, IniLoadSettings, IniLoadSettingList, startup);
	}

	/* Load basic settings only during bootstrap, load other settings not during bootstrap */
	if (!startup) {
		/* Convert network.server_advertise to network.server_game_type, but only if network.server_game_type is set to default value. */
		if (generic_version < IFV_GAME_TYPE) {
			if (_settings_client.network.server_game_type == SERVER_GAME_TYPE_LOCAL) {
				IniGroup *network = generic_ini.GetGroup("network", false);
				if (network != nullptr) {
					IniItem *server_advertise = network->GetItem("server_advertise", false);
					if (server_advertise != nullptr && server_advertise->value == "true") {
						_settings_client.network.server_game_type = SERVER_GAME_TYPE_PUBLIC;
					}
				}
			}
		}

		_grfconfig_newgame = GRFLoadConfig(generic_ini, "newgrf", false);
		_grfconfig_static  = GRFLoadConfig(generic_ini, "newgrf-static", true);
		AILoadConfig(generic_ini, "ai_players");
		GameLoadConfig(generic_ini, "game_scripts");

		PrepareOldDiffCustom();
		IniLoadSettings(generic_ini, _old_gameopt_settings, "gameopt", &_settings_newgame, false);
		HandleOldDiffCustom(false);

		ValidateSettings();
		DebugReconsiderSendRemoteMessages();

		/* Display scheduled errors */
		extern void ScheduleErrorMessage(ErrorList &datas);
		ScheduleErrorMessage(_settings_error_list);
		if (FindWindowById(WC_ERRMSG, 0) == nullptr) ShowFirstError();
	}
}

/** Save the values to the configuration file */
void SaveToConfig()
{
	ConfigIniFile generic_ini(_config_file);
	ConfigIniFile private_ini(_private_file);
	ConfigIniFile secrets_ini(_secrets_file);

	IniFileVersion generic_version = LoadVersionFromConfig(generic_ini);

	/* If we newly create the private/secrets file, add a dummy group on top
	 * just so we can add a comment before it (that is how IniFile works).
	 * This to explain what the file is about. After doing it once, never touch
	 * it again, as otherwise we might be reverting user changes. */
	if (!private_ini.GetGroup("private", false)) private_ini.GetGroup("private")->comment = "; This file possibly contains private information which can identify you as person.\n";
	if (!secrets_ini.GetGroup("secrets", false)) secrets_ini.GetGroup("secrets")->comment = "; Do not share this file with others, not even if they claim to be technical support.\n; This file contains saved passwords and other secrets that should remain private to you!\n";

	if (generic_version == IFV_0) {
		/* Remove some obsolete groups. These have all been loaded into other groups. */
		generic_ini.RemoveGroup("patches");
		generic_ini.RemoveGroup("yapf");
		generic_ini.RemoveGroup("gameopt");

		/* Remove all settings from the generic ini that are now in the private ini. */
		generic_ini.RemoveGroup("server_bind_addresses");
		generic_ini.RemoveGroup("servers");
		generic_ini.RemoveGroup("bans");
		for (auto &table : PrivateSettingTables()) {
			RemoveEntriesFromIni(generic_ini, table);
		}

		/* Remove all settings from the generic ini that are now in the secrets ini. */
		for (auto &table : SecretSettingTables()) {
			RemoveEntriesFromIni(generic_ini, table);
		}
	}

	/* Remove network.server_advertise. */
	if (generic_version < IFV_GAME_TYPE) {
		IniGroup *network = generic_ini.GetGroup("network", false);
		if (network != nullptr) {
			network->RemoveItem("server_advertise");
		}
	}

	HandleSettingDescs(generic_ini, private_ini, secrets_ini, IniSaveSettings, IniSaveSettingList);
	GRFSaveConfig(generic_ini, "newgrf", _grfconfig_newgame);
	GRFSaveConfig(generic_ini, "newgrf-static", _grfconfig_static);
	AISaveConfig(generic_ini, "ai_players");
	GameSaveConfig(generic_ini, "game_scripts");

	SaveVersionInConfig(generic_ini);
	SaveVersionInConfig(private_ini);
	SaveVersionInConfig(secrets_ini);

	generic_ini.SaveToDisk(_config_file);
	private_ini.SaveToDisk(_private_file);
	secrets_ini.SaveToDisk(_secrets_file);
}

/**
 * Get the list of known NewGrf presets.
 * @returns List of preset names.
 */
StringList GetGRFPresetList()
{
	StringList list;

	ConfigIniFile ini(_config_file);
	for (IniGroup *group = ini.group; group != nullptr; group = group->next) {
		if (group->name.compare(0, 7, "preset-") == 0) {
			list.push_back(group->name.substr(7));
		}
	}

	return list;
}

/**
 * Load a NewGRF configuration by preset-name.
 * @param config_name Name of the preset.
 * @return NewGRF configuration.
 * @see GetGRFPresetList
 */
GRFConfig *LoadGRFPresetFromConfig(const char *config_name)
{
	size_t len = strlen(config_name) + 8;
	char *section = (char*)alloca(len);
	seprintf(section, section + len - 1, "preset-%s", config_name);

	ConfigIniFile ini(_config_file);
	GRFConfig *config = GRFLoadConfig(ini, section, false);

	return config;
}

/**
 * Save a NewGRF configuration with a preset name.
 * @param config_name Name of the preset.
 * @param config      NewGRF configuration to save.
 * @see GetGRFPresetList
 */
void SaveGRFPresetToConfig(const char *config_name, GRFConfig *config)
{
	size_t len = strlen(config_name) + 8;
	char *section = (char*)alloca(len);
	seprintf(section, section + len - 1, "preset-%s", config_name);

	ConfigIniFile ini(_config_file);
	GRFSaveConfig(ini, section, config);
	ini.SaveToDisk(_config_file);
}

/**
 * Delete a NewGRF configuration by preset name.
 * @param config_name Name of the preset.
 */
void DeleteGRFPresetFromConfig(const char *config_name)
{
	size_t len = strlen(config_name) + 8;
	char *section = (char*)alloca(len);
	seprintf(section, section + len - 1, "preset-%s", config_name);

	ConfigIniFile ini(_config_file);
	ini.RemoveGroup(section);
	ini.SaveToDisk(_config_file);
}

/**
 * Handle changing a value. This performs validation of the input value and
 * calls the appropriate callbacks, and saves it when the value is changed.
 * @param object The object the setting is in.
 * @param newval The new value for the setting.
 */
void IntSettingDesc::ChangeValue(const void *object, int32 newval) const
{
	int32 oldval = this->Read(object);
	this->MakeValueValid(newval);
	if (this->pre_check != nullptr && !this->pre_check(newval)) return;
	if (oldval == newval) return;

	this->Write(object, newval);
	if (this->post_callback != nullptr) this->post_callback(newval);

	if (this->flags & SF_NO_NETWORK) {
		GamelogStartAction(GLAT_SETTING);
		GamelogSetting(this->GetName(), oldval, newval);
		GamelogStopAction();
	}

	SetWindowClassesDirty(WC_GAME_OPTIONS);

	if (_save_config) SaveToConfig();
}

/**
 * Given a name of setting, return a setting description from the table.
 * @param name Name of the setting to return a setting description of.
 * @param settings Table to look in for the setting.
 * @return Pointer to the setting description of setting \a name if it can be found,
 *         \c nullptr indicates failure to obtain the description.
 */
static const SettingDesc *GetSettingFromName(const std::string_view name, const SettingTable &settings)
{
	/* First check all full names */
	for (auto &desc : settings) {
		const SettingDesc *sd = GetSettingDesc(desc);
		if (!SlIsObjectCurrentlyValid(sd->save.version_from, sd->save.version_to)) continue;
		if (sd->GetName() == name) return sd;
	}

	/* Then check the shortcut variant of the name. */
	std::string short_name_suffix = std::string{ "." }.append(name);
	for (auto &desc : settings) {
		const SettingDesc *sd = GetSettingDesc(desc);
		if (!SlIsObjectCurrentlyValid(sd->save.version_from, sd->save.version_to)) continue;
		if (StrEndsWith(sd->GetName(), short_name_suffix)) return sd;
	}

	return nullptr;
}

/**
 * Get the SaveLoad for all settings in the settings table.
 * @param settings The settings table to get the SaveLoad objects from.
 * @param saveloads A vector to store the result in.
 */
void GetSaveLoadFromSettingTable(SettingTable settings, std::vector<SaveLoad> &saveloads)
{
	for (auto &desc : settings) {
		const SettingDesc *sd = GetSettingDesc(desc);
		if (!SlIsObjectCurrentlyValid(sd->save.version_from, sd->save.version_to)) continue;
		saveloads.push_back(sd->save);
	}
}

/**
 * Given a name of setting, return a company setting description of it.
 * @param name  Name of the company setting to return a setting description of.
 * @return Pointer to the setting description of setting \a name if it can be found,
 *         \c nullptr indicates failure to obtain the description.
 */
static const SettingDesc *GetCompanySettingFromName(std::string_view name)
{
	static const std::string_view company_prefix = "company.";
	if (StrStartsWith(name, company_prefix)) name.remove_prefix(company_prefix.size());
	return GetSettingFromName(name, _company_settings);
}

/**
 * Given a name of any setting, return any setting description of it.
 * @param name  Name of the setting to return a setting description of.
 * @return Pointer to the setting description of setting \a name if it can be found,
 *         \c nullptr indicates failure to obtain the description.
 */
const SettingDesc *GetSettingFromName(const std::string_view name)
{
	for (auto &table : GenericSettingTables()) {
		auto sd = GetSettingFromName(name, table);
		if (sd != nullptr) return sd;
	}
	for (auto &table : PrivateSettingTables()) {
		auto sd = GetSettingFromName(name, table);
		if (sd != nullptr) return sd;
	}
	for (auto &table : SecretSettingTables()) {
		auto sd = GetSettingFromName(name, table);
		if (sd != nullptr) return sd;
	}

	return GetCompanySettingFromName(name);
}

/**
 * Network-safe changing of settings (server-only).
 * @param flags operation to perform
 * @param tile unused
 * @param p1 unused
 * @param p2 the new value for the setting
 * The new value is properly clamped to its minimum/maximum when setting
 * @param text the name of the setting to change
 * @return the cost of this operation or an error
 * @see _settings
 */
CommandCost CmdChangeSetting(DoCommandFlag flags, TileIndex tile, uint32 p1, uint32 p2, const std::string &text)
{
	if (text.empty()) return CMD_ERROR;
	const SettingDesc *sd = GetSettingFromName(text);

	if (sd == nullptr) return CMD_ERROR;
	if (!SlIsObjectCurrentlyValid(sd->save.version_from, sd->save.version_to)) return CMD_ERROR;
	if (!sd->IsIntSetting()) return CMD_ERROR;

	if (!sd->IsEditable(true)) return CMD_ERROR;

	if (flags & DC_EXEC) {
		sd->AsIntSetting()->ChangeValue(&GetGameSettings(), p2);
	}

	return CommandCost();
}

/**
 * Change one of the per-company settings.
 * @param flags operation to perform
 * @param tile unused
 * @param p1 unused
 * @param p2 the new value for the setting
 * The new value is properly clamped to its minimum/maximum when setting
 * @param text the name of the company setting to change
 * @return the cost of this operation or an error
 */
CommandCost CmdChangeCompanySetting(DoCommandFlag flags, TileIndex tile, uint32 p1, uint32 p2, const std::string &text)
{
	if (text.empty()) return CMD_ERROR;
	const SettingDesc *sd = GetCompanySettingFromName(text.c_str());

	if (sd == nullptr) return CMD_ERROR;
	if (!sd->IsIntSetting()) return CMD_ERROR;

	if (flags & DC_EXEC) {
		sd->AsIntSetting()->ChangeValue(&Company::Get(_current_company)->settings, p2);
	}

	return CommandCost();
}

/**
 * Top function to save the new value of an element of the Settings struct
 * @param index offset in the SettingDesc array of the Settings struct which
 * identifies the setting member we want to change
 * @param value new value of the setting
 * @param force_newgame force the newgame settings
 */
bool SetSettingValue(const IntSettingDesc *sd, int32 value, bool force_newgame)
{
	const IntSettingDesc *setting = sd->AsIntSetting();
	if ((setting->flags & SF_PER_COMPANY) != 0) {
		if (Company::IsValidID(_local_company) && _game_mode != GM_MENU) {
			return Command<CMD_CHANGE_COMPANY_SETTING>::Post(0, 0, value, setting->GetName());
		}

		setting->ChangeValue(&_settings_client.company, value);
		return true;
	}

	/* If an item is company-based, we do not send it over the network
	 * (if any) to change. Also *hack*hack* we update the _newgame version
	 * of settings because changing a company-based setting in a game also
	 * changes its defaults. At least that is the convention we have chosen */
	if (setting->flags & SF_NO_NETWORK_SYNC) {
		if (_game_mode != GM_MENU) {
			setting->ChangeValue(&_settings_newgame, value);
		}
		setting->ChangeValue(&GetGameSettings(), value);
		return true;
	}

	if (force_newgame) {
		setting->ChangeValue(&_settings_newgame, value);
		return true;
	}

	/* send non-company-based settings over the network */
	if (!_networking || (_networking && _network_server)) {
		return Command<CMD_CHANGE_SETTING>::Post(0, 0, value, setting->GetName());
	}
	return false;
}

/**
 * Set the company settings for a new company to their default values.
 */
void SetDefaultCompanySettings(CompanyID cid)
{
	Company *c = Company::Get(cid);
	for (auto &desc : _company_settings) {
		const IntSettingDesc *int_setting = GetSettingDesc(desc)->AsIntSetting();
		int_setting->MakeValueValidAndWrite(&c->settings, int_setting->def);
	}
}

/**
 * Sync all company settings in a multiplayer game.
 */
void SyncCompanySettings()
{
	const void *old_object = &Company::Get(_current_company)->settings;
	const void *new_object = &_settings_client.company;
	for (auto &desc : _company_settings) {
		const SettingDesc *sd = GetSettingDesc(desc);
		uint32 old_value = (uint32)sd->AsIntSetting()->Read(new_object);
		uint32 new_value = (uint32)sd->AsIntSetting()->Read(old_object);
		if (old_value != new_value) Command<CMD_CHANGE_COMPANY_SETTING>::SendNet(STR_NULL, nullptr, _local_company, 0, 0, new_value, sd->GetName());
	}
}

/**
 * Set a setting value with a string.
 * @param sd the setting to change.
 * @param value the value to write
 * @param force_newgame force the newgame settings
 * @note Strings WILL NOT be synced over the network
 */
bool SetSettingValue(const StringSettingDesc *sd, std::string value, bool force_newgame)
{
	assert(sd->flags & SF_NO_NETWORK_SYNC);

	if (GetVarMemType(sd->save.conv) == SLE_VAR_STRQ && value.compare("(null)") == 0) {
		value.clear();
	}

	const void *object = (_game_mode == GM_MENU || force_newgame) ? &_settings_newgame : &_settings_game;
	sd->AsStringSetting()->ChangeValue(object, value);
	return true;
}

/**
 * Handle changing a string value. This performs validation of the input value
 * and calls the appropriate callbacks, and saves it when the value is changed.
 * @param object The object the setting is in.
 * @param newval The new value for the setting.
 */
void StringSettingDesc::ChangeValue(const void *object, std::string &newval) const
{
	this->MakeValueValid(newval);
	if (this->pre_check != nullptr && !this->pre_check(newval)) return;

	this->Write(object, newval);
	if (this->post_callback != nullptr) this->post_callback(newval);

	if (_save_config) SaveToConfig();
}

/* Those 2 functions need to be here, else we have to make some stuff non-static
 * and besides, it is also better to keep stuff like this at the same place */
void IConsoleSetSetting(const char *name, const char *value, bool force_newgame)
{
	const SettingDesc *sd = GetSettingFromName(name);
	if (sd == nullptr) {
		IConsolePrint(CC_ERROR, "'{}' is an unknown setting.", name);
		return;
	}

	bool success = true;
	if (sd->IsStringSetting()) {
		success = SetSettingValue(sd->AsStringSetting(), value, force_newgame);
	} else if (sd->IsIntSetting()) {
		const IntSettingDesc *isd = sd->AsIntSetting();
		size_t val = isd->ParseValue(value);
		if (!_settings_error_list.empty()) {
			IConsolePrint(CC_ERROR, "'{}' is not a valid value for this setting.", value);
			_settings_error_list.clear();
			return;
		}
		success = SetSettingValue(isd, (int32)val, force_newgame);
	}

	if (!success) {
		if (_network_server) {
			IConsolePrint(CC_ERROR, "This command/variable is not available during network games.");
		} else {
			IConsolePrint(CC_ERROR, "This command/variable is only available to a network server.");
		}
	}
}

void IConsoleSetSetting(const char *name, int value)
{
	const SettingDesc *sd = GetSettingFromName(name);
	assert(sd != nullptr);
	SetSettingValue(sd->AsIntSetting(), value);
}

/**
 * Output value of a specific setting to the console
 * @param name  Name of the setting to output its value
 * @param force_newgame force the newgame settings
 */
void IConsoleGetSetting(const char *name, bool force_newgame)
{
	const SettingDesc *sd = GetSettingFromName(name);
	if (sd == nullptr) {
		IConsolePrint(CC_ERROR, "'{}' is an unknown setting.", name);
		return;
	}

	const void *object = (_game_mode == GM_MENU || force_newgame) ? &_settings_newgame : &_settings_game;

	if (sd->IsStringSetting()) {
		IConsolePrint(CC_INFO, "Current value for '{}' is '{}'.", sd->GetName(), sd->AsStringSetting()->Read(object));
	} else if (sd->IsIntSetting()) {
		char value[20];
		sd->FormatValue(value, lastof(value), object);
		const IntSettingDesc *int_setting = sd->AsIntSetting();
		IConsolePrint(CC_INFO, "Current value for '{}' is '{}' (min: {}{}, max: {}).",
			sd->GetName(), value, (sd->flags & SF_GUI_0_IS_SPECIAL) ? "(0) " : "", int_setting->min, int_setting->max);
	}
}

static void IConsoleListSettingsTable(const SettingTable &table, const char *prefilter)
{
	for (auto &desc : table) {
		const SettingDesc *sd = GetSettingDesc(desc);
		if (!SlIsObjectCurrentlyValid(sd->save.version_from, sd->save.version_to)) continue;
		if (prefilter != nullptr && sd->GetName().find(prefilter) == std::string::npos) continue;
		char value[80];
		sd->FormatValue(value, lastof(value), &GetGameSettings());
		IConsolePrint(CC_DEFAULT, "{} = {}", sd->GetName(), value);
	}
}

/**
 * List all settings and their value to the console
 *
 * @param prefilter  If not \c nullptr, only list settings with names that begin with \a prefilter prefix
 */
void IConsoleListSettings(const char *prefilter)
{
	IConsolePrint(CC_HELP, "All settings with their current value:");

	for (auto &table : GenericSettingTables()) {
		IConsoleListSettingsTable(table, prefilter);
	}
	for (auto &table : PrivateSettingTables()) {
		IConsoleListSettingsTable(table, prefilter);
	}
	for (auto &table : SecretSettingTables()) {
		IConsoleListSettingsTable(table, prefilter);
	}

	IConsolePrint(CC_HELP, "Use 'setting' command to change a value.");
}