1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
|
/* cat -- concatenate files and print on the standard output.
Copyright (C) 88, 90, 91, 1995-1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
/* Differences from the Unix cat:
* Always unbuffered, -u is ignored.
* Usually much faster than other versions of cat, the difference
is especially apparent when using the -v option.
By tege@sics.se, Torbjorn Granlund, advised by rms, Richard Stallman. */
#include <config.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#ifndef _POSIX_SOURCE
# include <sys/ioctl.h>
#endif
#include "system.h"
#include "error.h"
#include "long-options.h"
#include "safe-read.h"
/* The official name of this program (e.g., no `g' prefix). */
#define PROGRAM_NAME "cat"
#define AUTHORS "Torbjorn Granlund and Richard M. Stallman"
/* Undefine, to avoid warning about redefinition on some systems. */
#undef max
#define max(h,i) ((h) > (i) ? (h) : (i))
int full_write ();
/* Name under which this program was invoked. */
char *program_name;
/* Name of input file. May be "-". */
static char *infile;
/* Descriptor on which input file is open. */
static int input_desc;
/* Descriptor on which output file is open. Always is 1. */
static int output_desc;
/* Buffer for line numbers. */
static char line_buf[13] =
{' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '0', '\t', '\0'};
/* Position in `line_buf' where printing starts. This will not change
unless the number of lines is larger than 999999. */
static char *line_num_print = line_buf + 5;
/* Position of the first digit in `line_buf'. */
static char *line_num_start = line_buf + 10;
/* Position of the last digit in `line_buf'. */
static char *line_num_end = line_buf + 10;
/* Preserves the `cat' function's local `newlines' between invocations. */
static int newlines2 = 0;
/* Count of non-fatal error conditions. */
static int exit_status = 0;
void
usage (int status)
{
if (status != 0)
fprintf (stderr, _("Try `%s --help' for more information.\n"),
program_name);
else
{
printf (_("\
Usage: %s [OPTION] [FILE]...\n\
"),
program_name);
printf (_("\
Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.\n\
\n\
-A, --show-all equivalent to -vET\n\
-b, --number-nonblank number nonblank output lines\n\
-e equivalent to -vE\n\
-E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line\n\
-n, --number number all output lines\n\
-s, --squeeze-blank never more than one single blank line\n\
-t equivalent to -vT\n\
-T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I\n\
-u (ignored)\n\
-v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB\n\
--help display this help and exit\n\
--version output version information and exit\n\
\n\
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.\n\
"));
#if O_BINARY
printf (_("\
\n\
-B, --binary use binary writes to the console device.\n\n\
"));
#endif
puts (_("\nReport bugs to <bug-textutils@gnu.org>."));
}
exit (status == 0 ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* Compute the next line number. */
static void
next_line_num (void)
{
char *endp = line_num_end;
do
{
if ((*endp)++ < '9')
return;
*endp-- = '0';
}
while (endp >= line_num_start);
*--line_num_start = '1';
if (line_num_start < line_num_print)
line_num_print--;
}
/* Plain cat. Copies the file behind `input_desc' to the file behind
`output_desc'. */
static void
simple_cat (
/* Pointer to the buffer, used by reads and writes. */
unsigned char *buf,
/* Number of characters preferably read or written by each read and write
call. */
int bufsize)
{
/* Actual number of characters read, and therefore written. */
int n_read;
/* Loop until the end of the file. */
for (;;)
{
/* Read a block of input. */
n_read = safe_read (input_desc, buf, bufsize);
if (n_read < 0)
{
error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
exit_status = 1;
return;
}
/* End of this file? */
if (n_read == 0)
break;
/* Write this block out. */
if (full_write (output_desc, buf, n_read) < 0)
error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("write error"));
}
}
/* Cat the file behind INPUT_DESC to the file behind OUTPUT_DESC.
Called if any option more than -u was specified.
A newline character is always put at the end of the buffer, to make
an explicit test for buffer end unnecessary. */
static void
cat (
/* Pointer to the beginning of the input buffer. */
unsigned char *inbuf,
/* Number of characters read in each read call. */
int insize,
/* Pointer to the beginning of the output buffer. */
unsigned char *outbuf,
/* Number of characters written by each write call. */
int outsize,
/* Variables that have values according to the specified options. */
int quote,
int output_tabs,
int numbers,
int numbers_at_empty_lines,
int mark_line_ends,
int squeeze_empty_lines)
{
/* Last character read from the input buffer. */
unsigned char ch;
/* Pointer to the next character in the input buffer. */
unsigned char *bpin;
/* Pointer to the first non-valid byte in the input buffer, i.e. the
current end of the buffer. */
unsigned char *eob;
/* Pointer to the position where the next character shall be written. */
unsigned char *bpout;
/* Number of characters read by the last read call. */
int n_read;
/* Determines how many consecutive newlines there have been in the
input. 0 newlines makes NEWLINES -1, 1 newline makes NEWLINES 1,
etc. Initially 0 to indicate that we are at the beginning of a
new line. The "state" of the procedure is determined by
NEWLINES. */
int newlines = newlines2;
#ifdef FIONREAD
/* If nonzero, use the FIONREAD ioctl, as an optimization.
(On Ultrix, it is not supported on NFS filesystems.) */
int use_fionread = 1;
#endif
/* The inbuf pointers are initialized so that BPIN > EOB, and thereby input
is read immediately. */
eob = inbuf;
bpin = eob + 1;
bpout = outbuf;
for (;;)
{
do
{
/* Write if there are at least OUTSIZE bytes in OUTBUF. */
if (bpout - outbuf >= outsize)
{
unsigned char *wp = outbuf;
do
{
if (full_write (output_desc, wp, outsize) < 0)
error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("write error"));
wp += outsize;
}
while (bpout - wp >= outsize);
/* Move the remaining bytes to the beginning of the
buffer. */
memmove (outbuf, wp, bpout - wp);
bpout = outbuf + (bpout - wp);
}
/* Is INBUF empty? */
if (bpin > eob)
{
#ifdef FIONREAD
int n_to_read = 0;
/* Is there any input to read immediately?
If not, we are about to wait,
so write all buffered output before waiting. */
if (use_fionread
&& ioctl (input_desc, FIONREAD, &n_to_read) < 0)
{
/* Ultrix returns EOPNOTSUPP on NFS;
HP-UX returns ENOTTY on pipes.
SunOS returns EINVAL and
More/BSD returns ENODEV on special files
like /dev/null.
Irix-5 returns ENOSYS on pipes. */
if (errno == EOPNOTSUPP || errno == ENOTTY
|| errno == EINVAL || errno == ENODEV
# ifdef ENOSYS
|| errno == ENOSYS
# endif
)
use_fionread = 0;
else
{
error (0, errno, _("cannot do ioctl on `%s'"), infile);
exit_status = 1;
newlines2 = newlines;
return;
}
}
if (n_to_read == 0)
#endif
{
int n_write = bpout - outbuf;
if (full_write (output_desc, outbuf, n_write) < 0)
error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("write error"));
bpout = outbuf;
}
/* Read more input into INBUF. */
n_read = safe_read (input_desc, inbuf, insize);
if (n_read < 0)
{
error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
exit_status = 1;
newlines2 = newlines;
return;
}
if (n_read == 0)
{
newlines2 = newlines;
return;
}
/* Update the pointers and insert a sentinel at the buffer
end. */
bpin = inbuf;
eob = bpin + n_read;
*eob = '\n';
}
else
{
/* It was a real (not a sentinel) newline. */
/* Was the last line empty?
(i.e. have two or more consecutive newlines been read?) */
if (++newlines > 0)
{
/* Are multiple adjacent empty lines to be substituted by
single ditto (-s), and this was the second empty line? */
if (squeeze_empty_lines && newlines >= 2)
{
ch = *bpin++;
continue;
}
/* Are line numbers to be written at empty lines (-n)? */
if (numbers && numbers_at_empty_lines)
{
next_line_num ();
bpout = (unsigned char *) stpcpy ((char *) bpout,
line_num_print);
}
}
/* Output a currency symbol if requested (-e). */
if (mark_line_ends)
*bpout++ = '$';
/* Output the newline. */
*bpout++ = '\n';
}
ch = *bpin++;
}
while (ch == '\n');
/* Are we at the beginning of a line, and line numbers are requested? */
if (newlines >= 0 && numbers)
{
next_line_num ();
bpout = (unsigned char *) stpcpy ((char *) bpout, line_num_print);
}
/* Here CH cannot contain a newline character. */
/* The loops below continue until a newline character is found,
which means that the buffer is empty or that a proper newline
has been found. */
/* If quoting, i.e. at least one of -v, -e, or -t specified,
scan for chars that need conversion. */
if (quote)
{
for (;;)
{
if (ch >= 32)
{
if (ch < 127)
*bpout++ = ch;
else if (ch == 127)
{
*bpout++ = '^';
*bpout++ = '?';
}
else
{
*bpout++ = 'M';
*bpout++ = '-';
if (ch >= 128 + 32)
{
if (ch < 128 + 127)
*bpout++ = ch - 128;
else
{
*bpout++ = '^';
*bpout++ = '?';
}
}
else
{
*bpout++ = '^';
*bpout++ = ch - 128 + 64;
}
}
}
else if (ch == '\t' && output_tabs)
*bpout++ = '\t';
else if (ch == '\n')
{
newlines = -1;
break;
}
else
{
*bpout++ = '^';
*bpout++ = ch + 64;
}
ch = *bpin++;
}
}
else
{
/* Not quoting, neither of -v, -e, or -t specified. */
for (;;)
{
if (ch == '\t' && !output_tabs)
{
*bpout++ = '^';
*bpout++ = ch + 64;
}
else if (ch != '\n')
*bpout++ = ch;
else
{
newlines = -1;
break;
}
ch = *bpin++;
}
}
}
}
int
main (int argc, char **argv)
{
/* Optimal size of i/o operations of output. */
int outsize;
/* Optimal size of i/o operations of input. */
int insize;
/* Pointer to the input buffer. */
unsigned char *inbuf;
/* Pointer to the output buffer. */
unsigned char *outbuf;
int c;
/* Index in argv to processed argument. */
int argind;
/* Device number of the output (file or whatever). */
int out_dev;
/* I-node number of the output. */
int out_ino;
/* Nonzero if the output file should not be the same as any input file. */
int check_redirection = 1;
/* Nonzero if we have ever read standard input. */
int have_read_stdin = 0;
struct stat stat_buf;
/* Variables that are set according to the specified options. */
int numbers = 0;
int numbers_at_empty_lines = 1;
int squeeze_empty_lines = 0;
int mark_line_ends = 0;
int quote = 0;
int output_tabs = 1;
#if O_BINARY
int binary_files = 0;
int binary_output = 0;
#endif
int file_open_mode = O_RDONLY;
/* If nonzero, call cat, otherwise call simple_cat to do the actual work. */
int options = 0;
static struct option const long_options[] =
{
{"number-nonblank", no_argument, NULL, 'b'},
{"number", no_argument, NULL, 'n'},
{"squeeze-blank", no_argument, NULL, 's'},
{"show-nonprinting", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
{"show-ends", no_argument, NULL, 'E'},
{"show-tabs", no_argument, NULL, 'T'},
{"show-all", no_argument, NULL, 'A'},
#if O_BINARY
{"binary", no_argument, NULL, 'B'},
#endif
{NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
};
program_name = argv[0];
setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
textdomain (PACKAGE);
parse_long_options (argc, argv, PROGRAM_NAME, GNU_PACKAGE, VERSION,
"Torbjorn Granlund and Richard M. Stallman", usage);
/* Parse command line options. */
while ((c = getopt_long (argc, argv,
#if O_BINARY
"benstuvABET"
#else
"benstuvAET"
#endif
, long_options, NULL)) != -1)
{
switch (c)
{
case 0:
break;
case 'b':
++options;
numbers = 1;
numbers_at_empty_lines = 0;
break;
case 'e':
++options;
mark_line_ends = 1;
quote = 1;
break;
case 'n':
++options;
numbers = 1;
break;
case 's':
++options;
squeeze_empty_lines = 1;
break;
case 't':
++options;
output_tabs = 0;
quote = 1;
break;
case 'u':
/* We provide the -u feature unconditionally. */
break;
case 'v':
++options;
quote = 1;
break;
case 'A':
++options;
quote = 1;
mark_line_ends = 1;
output_tabs = 0;
break;
#if O_BINARY
case 'B':
++options;
binary_files = 1;
break;
#endif
case 'E':
++options;
mark_line_ends = 1;
break;
case 'T':
++options;
output_tabs = 0;
break;
default:
usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
output_desc = 1;
/* Get device, i-node number, and optimal blocksize of output. */
if (fstat (output_desc, &stat_buf) < 0)
error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("standard output"));
outsize = ST_BLKSIZE (stat_buf);
/* Input file can be output file for non-regular files.
fstat on pipes returns S_IFSOCK on some systems, S_IFIFO
on others, so the checking should not be done for those types,
and to allow things like cat < /dev/tty > /dev/tty, checking
is not done for device files either. */
if (S_ISREG (stat_buf.st_mode))
{
out_dev = stat_buf.st_dev;
out_ino = stat_buf.st_ino;
}
else
{
check_redirection = 0;
#ifdef lint /* Suppress `used before initialized' warning. */
out_dev = 0;
out_ino = 0;
#endif
}
#if O_BINARY
/* We always read and write in BINARY mode, since this is the
best way to copy the files verbatim. Exceptions are when
they request line numbering, squeezing of empty lines or
marking lines' ends: then we use text I/O, because otherwise
-b, -s and -E would surprise users on DOS/Windows where a line
with only CR-LF is an empty line. (Besides, if they ask for
one of these options, they don't care much about the original
file contents anyway). */
if ((!isatty (output_desc)
&& !(numbers || squeeze_empty_lines || mark_line_ends))
|| binary_files)
{
/* Switch stdout to BINARY mode. */
binary_output = 1;
SET_BINARY (output_desc);
}
else if (quote)
{
/* If they want to see the non-printables, let's show them
those CR characters as well, so make the input binary.
But keep console output in text mode, so that LF causes
both CR and LF on output, and the output is readable. */
file_open_mode |= O_BINARY;
SET_BINARY (0);
/* Setting stdin to binary switches the console device to
raw I/O, which also affects stdout to console. Undo that. */
if (isatty (output_desc))
setmode (output_desc, O_TEXT);
}
#endif
/* Check if any of the input files are the same as the output file. */
/* Main loop. */
infile = "-";
argind = optind;
do
{
if (argind < argc)
infile = argv[argind];
if (infile[0] == '-' && infile[1] == 0)
{
have_read_stdin = 1;
input_desc = 0;
#if O_BINARY
/* Switch stdin to BINARY mode if needed. */
if (binary_output)
{
int tty_in = isatty (input_desc);
/* If stdin is a terminal device, and it is the ONLY
input file (i.e. we didn't write anything to the
output yet), switch the output back to TEXT mode.
This is so "cat > xyzzy" creates a DOS-style text
file, like people expect. */
if (tty_in && optind <= argc)
setmode (output_desc, O_TEXT);
else
{
SET_BINARY (input_desc);
# ifdef __DJGPP__
/* This is DJGPP-specific. By default, switching console
to binary mode disables SIGINT. But we want terminal
reads to be interruptible. */
if (tty_in)
__djgpp_set_ctrl_c (1);
# endif
}
}
#endif
}
else
{
input_desc = open (infile, file_open_mode);
if (input_desc < 0)
{
error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
exit_status = 1;
continue;
}
}
if (fstat (input_desc, &stat_buf) < 0)
{
error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
exit_status = 1;
goto contin;
}
insize = ST_BLKSIZE (stat_buf);
/* Compare the device and i-node numbers of this input file with
the corresponding values of the (output file associated with)
stdout, and skip this input file if they coincide. Input
files cannot be redirected to themselves. */
if (check_redirection
&& stat_buf.st_dev == out_dev && stat_buf.st_ino == out_ino
&& (input_desc != STDIN_FILENO || output_desc != STDOUT_FILENO))
{
error (0, 0, _("%s: input file is output file"), infile);
exit_status = 1;
goto contin;
}
/* Select which version of `cat' to use. If any options (more than -u,
--version, or --help) were specified, use `cat', otherwise use
`simple_cat'. */
if (options == 0)
{
insize = max (insize, outsize);
inbuf = (unsigned char *) xmalloc (insize);
simple_cat (inbuf, insize);
}
else
{
inbuf = (unsigned char *) xmalloc (insize + 1);
/* Why are (OUTSIZE - 1 + INSIZE * 4 + 13) bytes allocated for
the output buffer?
A test whether output needs to be written is done when the input
buffer empties or when a newline appears in the input. After
output is written, at most (OUTSIZE - 1) bytes will remain in the
buffer. Now INSIZE bytes of input is read. Each input character
may grow by a factor of 4 (by the prepending of M-^). If all
characters do, and no newlines appear in this block of input, we
will have at most (OUTSIZE - 1 + INSIZE) bytes in the buffer. If
the last character in the preceding block of input was a
newline, a line number may be written (according to the given
options) as the first thing in the output buffer. (Done after the
new input is read, but before processing of the input begins.) A
line number requires seldom more than 13 positions. */
outbuf = (unsigned char *) xmalloc (outsize - 1 + insize * 4 + 13);
cat (inbuf, insize, outbuf, outsize, quote,
output_tabs, numbers, numbers_at_empty_lines, mark_line_ends,
squeeze_empty_lines);
free (outbuf);
}
free (inbuf);
contin:
if (!STREQ (infile, "-") && close (input_desc) < 0)
{
error (0, errno, "%s", infile);
exit_status = 1;
}
}
while (++argind < argc);
if (have_read_stdin && close (0) < 0)
error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, "-");
if (close (1) < 0)
error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("write error"));
exit (exit_status == 0 ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);
}
|