tests: convert nearly all `...` expressions to $(...)

Exempt init.sh because it runs before we're assured to have a
shell that groks $(...).  Exempt *.mk because "$" would have to
be doubled, and besides, any `...` expression in a .mk file is
almost certainly evaluated before init.sh is run.  Finally, also
exempt the perl-based tests, because perl's `...` cannot be
converted to $(...).  Do that by running this command:

git grep -l '`.*`' tests \
  | grep -Ev 'init\.sh|\.mk$' | xargs grep -Lw perl \
  | xargs perl -pi -e 's/`(.*?)`/\$($1)/g'

One minor fix-up change was required after that, due to how
quoting differs:
diff --git a/tests/chmod/equals b/tests/chmod/equals
-    expected_perms=$(eval 'echo \$expected_'$dest)
+    expected_perms=$(eval 'echo $expected_'$dest)

Another was to make these required quoting adjustments:
diff --git a/tests/misc/stty b/tests/misc/stty
...
-  rev=$(eval echo "\\\$REV_$opt")
+  rev=$(eval echo "\$REV_$opt")
...
-      rev1=$(eval echo "\\\$REV_$opt1")
-      rev2=$(eval echo "\\\$REV_$opt2")
+      rev1=$(eval echo "\$REV_$opt1")
+      rev2=$(eval echo "\$REV_$opt2")

Also, transform two files that were needlessly excluded above:
(both use perl, but are mostly bourne shell)

  perl -pi -e 's/`(.*?)`/\$($1)/g' \
    tests/du/long-from-unreadable tests/init.cfg

1 files changed, 6 insertions, 6 deletions

diff --git a/tests/cp/special-bits b/tests/cp/special-bits
index 40795104c..4a00891d9 100755
--- a/tests/cp/special-bits
+++ b/tests/cp/special-bits
@@ -33,18 +33,18 @@ chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=rx . || framework_failure_
 
 
 cp -p a a2 || fail=1
-set _ `ls -l a`; shift; p1=$1
-set _ `ls -l a2`; shift; p2=$1
+set _ $(ls -l a); shift; p1=$1
+set _ $(ls -l a2); shift; p2=$1
 test $p1 = $p2 || fail=1
 
 cp -p b b2 || fail=1
-set _ `ls -l b`; shift; p1=$1
-set _ `ls -l b2`; shift; p2=$1
+set _ $(ls -l b); shift; p1=$1
+set _ $(ls -l b2); shift; p2=$1
 test $p1 = $p2 || fail=1
 
 setuidgid $NON_ROOT_USERNAME env PATH="$PATH" cp -p c c2 || fail=1
-set _ `ls -l c`; shift; p1=$1
-set _ `ls -l c2`; shift; p2=$1
+set _ $(ls -l c); shift; p1=$1
+set _ $(ls -l c2); shift; p2=$1
 test $p1 = $p2 && fail=1
 
 Exit $fail