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authorJim Meyering <jim@meyering.net>1992-11-08 02:50:43 +0000
committerJim Meyering <jim@meyering.net>1992-11-08 02:50:43 +0000
commitb25038ce9a234ea0906ddcbd8a0012e917e6c661 (patch)
treea4360f1b307910d9266f65fc851479c218219009 /src/tail.c
parentf33e06711c51330972e2adf07d21a4e69c8f44f6 (diff)
downloadcoreutils-b25038ce9a234ea0906ddcbd8a0012e917e6c661.tar.xz
Initial revision
Diffstat (limited to 'src/tail.c')
-rw-r--r--src/tail.c858
1 files changed, 858 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/src/tail.c b/src/tail.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..050c1936f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tail.c
@@ -0,0 +1,858 @@
+/* tail -- output last part of file(s)
+ Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+ This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+ any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. */
+
+/* Can display any amount of data, unlike the Unix version, which uses
+ a fixed size buffer and therefore can only deliver a limited number
+ of lines.
+
+ Options:
+ -b Tail by N 512-byte blocks.
+ -c, --bytes=N[bkm] Tail by N bytes
+ [or 512-byte blocks, kilobytes, or megabytes].
+ -f, --follow Loop forever trying to read more characters at the
+ end of the file, on the assumption that the file
+ is growing. Ignored if reading from a pipe.
+ Cannot be used if more than one file is given.
+ -k Tail by N kilobytes.
+ -N, -l, -n, --lines=N Tail by N lines.
+ -m Tail by N megabytes.
+ -q, --quiet, --silent Never print filename headers.
+ -v, --verbose Always print filename headers.
+
+ If a number (N) starts with a `+', begin printing with the Nth item
+ from the start of each file, instead of from the end.
+
+ Reads from standard input if no files are given or when a filename of
+ ``-'' is encountered.
+ By default, filename headers are printed only more than one file
+ is given.
+ By default, prints the last 10 lines (tail -n 10).
+
+ Original version by Paul Rubin <phr@ocf.berkeley.edu>.
+ Extensions by David MacKenzie <djm@ai.mit.edu>. */
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include "system.h"
+
+#ifdef isascii
+#define ISDIGIT(c) (isascii ((c)) && isdigit ((c)))
+#else
+#define ISDIGIT(c) (isdigit ((c)))
+#endif
+
+/* Number of items to tail. */
+#define DEFAULT_NUMBER 10
+
+/* Size of atomic reads. */
+#define BUFSIZE (512 * 8)
+
+/* Number of bytes per item we are printing.
+ If 0, tail in lines. */
+int unit_size;
+
+/* If nonzero, read from end of file until killed. */
+int forever;
+
+/* If nonzero, count from start of file instead of end. */
+int from_start;
+
+/* If nonzero, print filename headers. */
+int print_headers;
+
+/* When to print the filename banners. */
+enum header_mode
+{
+ multiple_files, always, never
+};
+
+char *xmalloc ();
+int file_lines ();
+int pipe_bytes ();
+int pipe_lines ();
+int start_bytes ();
+int start_lines ();
+int tail ();
+int tail_bytes ();
+int tail_file ();
+int tail_lines ();
+long atou();
+void dump_remainder ();
+void error ();
+void parse_unit ();
+void usage ();
+void write_header ();
+void xwrite ();
+
+/* The name this program was run with. */
+char *program_name;
+
+/* Nonzero if we have ever read standard input. */
+int have_read_stdin;
+
+struct option long_options[] =
+{
+ {"bytes", 1, NULL, 'c'},
+ {"follow", 0, NULL, 'f'},
+ {"lines", 1, NULL, 'n'},
+ {"quiet", 0, NULL, 'q'},
+ {"silent", 0, NULL, 'q'},
+ {"verbose", 0, NULL, 'v'},
+ {NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
+};
+
+void
+main (argc, argv)
+ int argc;
+ char **argv;
+{
+ enum header_mode header_mode = multiple_files;
+ int exit_status = 0;
+ /* If from_start, the number of items to skip before printing; otherwise,
+ the number of items at the end of the file to print. Initially, -1
+ means the value has not been set. */
+ long number = -1;
+ int c; /* Option character. */
+
+ program_name = argv[0];
+ have_read_stdin = 0;
+ unit_size = 0;
+ forever = from_start = print_headers = 0;
+
+ if (argc > 1
+ && ((argv[1][0] == '-' && ISDIGIT (argv[1][1]))
+ || (argv[1][0] == '+' && (ISDIGIT (argv[1][1]) || argv[1][1] == 0))))
+ {
+ /* Old option syntax: a dash or plus, one or more digits (zero digits
+ are acceptable with a plus), and one or more option letters. */
+ if (argv[1][0] == '+')
+ from_start = 1;
+ if (argv[1][1] != 0)
+ {
+ for (number = 0, ++argv[1]; ISDIGIT (*argv[1]); ++argv[1])
+ number = number * 10 + *argv[1] - '0';
+ /* Parse any appended option letters. */
+ while (*argv[1])
+ {
+ switch (*argv[1])
+ {
+ case 'b':
+ unit_size = 512;
+ break;
+
+ case 'c':
+ unit_size = 1;
+ break;
+
+ case 'f':
+ forever = 1;
+ break;
+
+ case 'k':
+ unit_size = 1024;
+ break;
+
+ case 'l':
+ unit_size = 0;
+ break;
+
+ case 'm':
+ unit_size = 1048576;
+ break;
+
+ case 'q':
+ header_mode = never;
+ break;
+
+ case 'v':
+ header_mode = always;
+ break;
+
+ default:
+ error (0, 0, "unrecognized option `-%c'", *argv[1]);
+ usage ();
+ }
+ ++argv[1];
+ }
+ }
+ /* Make the options we just parsed invisible to getopt. */
+ argv[1] = argv[0];
+ argv++;
+ argc--;
+ }
+
+ while ((c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "c:n:fqv", long_options, (int *) 0))
+ != EOF)
+ {
+ switch (c)
+ {
+ case 'c':
+ unit_size = 1;
+ parse_unit (optarg);
+ goto getnum;
+ case 'n':
+ unit_size = 0;
+ getnum:
+ if (*optarg == '+')
+ {
+ from_start = 1;
+ ++optarg;
+ }
+ else if (*optarg == '-')
+ ++optarg;
+ number = atou (optarg);
+ if (number == -1)
+ error (1, 0, "invalid number `%s'", optarg);
+ break;
+
+ case 'f':
+ forever = 1;
+ break;
+
+ case 'q':
+ header_mode = never;
+ break;
+
+ case 'v':
+ header_mode = always;
+ break;
+
+ default:
+ usage ();
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (number == -1)
+ number = DEFAULT_NUMBER;
+
+ /* To start printing with item `number' from the start of the file, skip
+ `number' - 1 items. `tail +0' is actually meaningless, but for Unix
+ compatibility it's treated the same as `tail +1'. */
+ if (from_start)
+ {
+ if (number)
+ --number;
+ }
+
+ if (unit_size > 1)
+ number *= unit_size;
+
+ if (optind < argc - 1 && forever)
+ error (1, 0, "cannot follow the ends of multiple files");
+
+ if (header_mode == always
+ || (header_mode == multiple_files && optind < argc - 1))
+ print_headers = 1;
+
+ if (optind == argc)
+ exit_status |= tail_file ("-", number);
+
+ for (; optind < argc; ++optind)
+ exit_status |= tail_file (argv[optind], number);
+
+ if (have_read_stdin && close (0) < 0)
+ error (1, errno, "-");
+ if (close (1) < 0)
+ error (1, errno, "write error");
+ exit (exit_status);
+}
+
+/* Display the last NUMBER units of file FILENAME.
+ "-" for FILENAME means the standard input.
+ Return 0 if successful, 1 if an error occurred. */
+
+int
+tail_file (filename, number)
+ char *filename;
+ long number;
+{
+ int fd;
+
+ if (!strcmp (filename, "-"))
+ {
+ have_read_stdin = 1;
+ filename = "standard input";
+ if (print_headers)
+ write_header (filename);
+ return tail (filename, 0, number);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ fd = open (filename, O_RDONLY);
+ if (fd >= 0)
+ {
+ int errors;
+
+ if (print_headers)
+ write_header (filename);
+ errors = tail (filename, fd, number);
+ if (close (fd) == 0)
+ return errors;
+ }
+ error (0, errno, "%s", filename);
+ return 1;
+ }
+}
+
+void
+write_header (filename)
+ char *filename;
+{
+ static int first_file = 1;
+
+ if (first_file)
+ {
+ xwrite (1, "==> ", 4);
+ first_file = 0;
+ }
+ else
+ xwrite (1, "\n==> ", 5);
+ xwrite (1, filename, strlen (filename));
+ xwrite (1, " <==\n", 5);
+}
+
+/* Display the last NUMBER units of file FILENAME, open for reading
+ in FD.
+ Return 0 if successful, 1 if an error occurred. */
+
+int
+tail (filename, fd, number)
+ char *filename;
+ int fd;
+ long number;
+{
+ if (unit_size)
+ return tail_bytes (filename, fd, number);
+ else
+ return tail_lines (filename, fd, number);
+}
+
+/* Display the last part of file FILENAME, open for reading in FD,
+ using NUMBER characters.
+ Return 0 if successful, 1 if an error occurred. */
+
+int
+tail_bytes (filename, fd, number)
+ char *filename;
+ int fd;
+ long number;
+{
+ struct stat stats;
+
+ /* Use fstat instead of checking for errno == ESPIPE because
+ lseek doesn't work on some special files but doesn't return an
+ error, either. */
+ if (fstat (fd, &stats))
+ {
+ error (0, errno, "%s", filename);
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ if (from_start)
+ {
+ if (S_ISREG (stats.st_mode))
+ lseek (fd, number, SEEK_SET);
+ else if (start_bytes (filename, fd, number))
+ return 1;
+ dump_remainder (filename, fd);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ if (S_ISREG (stats.st_mode))
+ {
+ if (lseek (fd, 0L, SEEK_END) <= number)
+ /* The file is shorter than we want, or just the right size, so
+ print the whole file. */
+ lseek (fd, 0L, SEEK_SET);
+ else
+ /* The file is longer than we want, so go back. */
+ lseek (fd, -number, SEEK_END);
+ dump_remainder (filename, fd);
+ }
+ else
+ return pipe_bytes (filename, fd, number);
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/* Display the last part of file FILENAME, open for reading on FD,
+ using NUMBER lines.
+ Return 0 if successful, 1 if an error occurred. */
+
+int
+tail_lines (filename, fd, number)
+ char *filename;
+ int fd;
+ long number;
+{
+ struct stat stats;
+ long length;
+
+ if (fstat (fd, &stats))
+ {
+ error (0, errno, "%s", filename);
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ if (from_start)
+ {
+ if (start_lines (filename, fd, number))
+ return 1;
+ dump_remainder (filename, fd);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ if (S_ISREG (stats.st_mode))
+ {
+ length = lseek (fd, 0L, SEEK_END);
+ if (length != 0 && file_lines (filename, fd, number, length))
+ return 1;
+ dump_remainder (filename, fd);
+ }
+ else
+ return pipe_lines (filename, fd, number);
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/* Print the last NUMBER lines from the end of file FD.
+ Go backward through the file, reading `BUFSIZE' bytes at a time (except
+ probably the first), until we hit the start of the file or have
+ read NUMBER newlines.
+ POS starts out as the length of the file (the offset of the last
+ byte of the file + 1).
+ Return 0 if successful, 1 if an error occurred. */
+
+int
+file_lines (filename, fd, number, pos)
+ char *filename;
+ int fd;
+ long number;
+ long pos;
+{
+ char buffer[BUFSIZE];
+ int bytes_read;
+ int i; /* Index into `buffer' for scanning. */
+
+ if (number == 0)
+ return 0;
+
+ /* Set `bytes_read' to the size of the last, probably partial, buffer;
+ 0 < `bytes_read' <= `BUFSIZE'. */
+ bytes_read = pos % BUFSIZE;
+ if (bytes_read == 0)
+ bytes_read = BUFSIZE;
+ /* Make `pos' a multiple of `BUFSIZE' (0 if the file is short), so that all
+ reads will be on block boundaries, which might increase efficiency. */
+ pos -= bytes_read;
+ lseek (fd, pos, SEEK_SET);
+ bytes_read = read (fd, buffer, bytes_read);
+ if (bytes_read == -1)
+ {
+ error (0, errno, "%s", filename);
+ return 1;
+ }
+
+ /* Count the incomplete line on files that don't end with a newline. */
+ if (bytes_read && buffer[bytes_read - 1] != '\n')
+ --number;
+
+ do
+ {
+ /* Scan backward, counting the newlines in this bufferfull. */
+ for (i = bytes_read - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+ {
+ /* Have we counted the requested number of newlines yet? */
+ if (buffer[i] == '\n' && number-- == 0)
+ {
+ /* If this newline wasn't the last character in the buffer,
+ print the text after it. */
+ if (i != bytes_read - 1)
+ xwrite (1, &buffer[i + 1], bytes_read - (i + 1));
+ return 0;
+ }
+ }
+ /* Not enough newlines in that bufferfull. */
+ if (pos == 0)
+ {
+ /* Not enough lines in the file; print the entire file. */
+ lseek (fd, 0L, SEEK_SET);
+ return 0;
+ }
+ pos -= BUFSIZE;
+ lseek (fd, pos, SEEK_SET);
+ }
+ while ((bytes_read = read (fd, buffer, BUFSIZE)) > 0);
+ if (bytes_read == -1)
+ {
+ error (0, errno, "%s", filename);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/* Print the last NUMBER lines from the end of the standard input,
+ open for reading as pipe FD.
+ Buffer the text as a linked list of LBUFFERs, adding them as needed.
+ Return 0 if successful, 1 if an error occured. */
+
+int
+pipe_lines (filename, fd, number)
+ char *filename;
+ int fd;
+ long number;
+{
+ struct linebuffer
+ {
+ int nbytes, nlines;
+ char buffer[BUFSIZE];
+ struct linebuffer *next;
+ };
+ typedef struct linebuffer LBUFFER;
+ LBUFFER *first, *last, *tmp;
+ int i; /* Index into buffers. */
+ int total_lines = 0; /* Total number of newlines in all buffers. */
+ int errors = 0;
+
+ first = last = (LBUFFER *) xmalloc (sizeof (LBUFFER));
+ first->nbytes = first->nlines = 0;
+ first->next = NULL;
+ tmp = (LBUFFER *) xmalloc (sizeof (LBUFFER));
+
+ /* Input is always read into a fresh buffer. */
+ while ((tmp->nbytes = read (fd, tmp->buffer, BUFSIZE)) > 0)
+ {
+ tmp->nlines = 0;
+ tmp->next = NULL;
+
+ /* Count the number of newlines just read. */
+ for (i = 0; i < tmp->nbytes; i++)
+ if (tmp->buffer[i] == '\n')
+ ++tmp->nlines;
+ total_lines += tmp->nlines;
+
+ /* If there is enough room in the last buffer read, just append the new
+ one to it. This is because when reading from a pipe, `nbytes' can
+ often be very small. */
+ if (tmp->nbytes + last->nbytes < BUFSIZE)
+ {
+ bcopy (tmp->buffer, &last->buffer[last->nbytes], tmp->nbytes);
+ last->nbytes += tmp->nbytes;
+ last->nlines += tmp->nlines;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ /* If there's not enough room, link the new buffer onto the end of
+ the list, then either free up the oldest buffer for the next
+ read if that would leave enough lines, or else malloc a new one.
+ Some compaction mechanism is possible but probably not
+ worthwhile. */
+ last = last->next = tmp;
+ if (total_lines - first->nlines > number)
+ {
+ tmp = first;
+ total_lines -= first->nlines;
+ first = first->next;
+ }
+ else
+ tmp = (LBUFFER *) xmalloc (sizeof (LBUFFER));
+ }
+ }
+ if (tmp->nbytes == -1)
+ {
+ error (0, errno, "%s", filename);
+ errors = 1;
+ free ((char *) tmp);
+ goto free_lbuffers;
+ }
+
+ free ((char *) tmp);
+
+ /* This prevents a core dump when the pipe contains no newlines. */
+ if (number == 0)
+ goto free_lbuffers;
+
+ /* Count the incomplete line on files that don't end with a newline. */
+ if (last->buffer[last->nbytes - 1] != '\n')
+ {
+ ++last->nlines;
+ ++total_lines;
+ }
+
+ /* Run through the list, printing lines. First, skip over unneeded
+ buffers. */
+ for (tmp = first; total_lines - tmp->nlines > number; tmp = tmp->next)
+ total_lines -= tmp->nlines;
+
+ /* Find the correct beginning, then print the rest of the file. */
+ if (total_lines > number)
+ {
+ char *cp;
+
+ /* Skip `total_lines' - `number' newlines. We made sure that
+ `total_lines' - `number' <= `tmp->nlines'. */
+ cp = tmp->buffer;
+ for (i = total_lines - number; i; --i)
+ while (*cp++ != '\n')
+ /* Do nothing. */ ;
+ i = cp - tmp->buffer;
+ }
+ else
+ i = 0;
+ xwrite (1, &tmp->buffer[i], tmp->nbytes - i);
+
+ for (tmp = tmp->next; tmp; tmp = tmp->next)
+ xwrite (1, tmp->buffer, tmp->nbytes);
+
+free_lbuffers:
+ while (first)
+ {
+ tmp = first->next;
+ free ((char *) first);
+ first = tmp;
+ }
+ return errors;
+}
+
+/* Print the last NUMBER characters from the end of pipe FD.
+ This is a stripped down version of pipe_lines.
+ Return 0 if successful, 1 if an error occurred. */
+
+int
+pipe_bytes (filename, fd, number)
+ char *filename;
+ int fd;
+ long number;
+{
+ struct charbuffer
+ {
+ int nbytes;
+ char buffer[BUFSIZE];
+ struct charbuffer *next;
+ };
+ typedef struct charbuffer CBUFFER;
+ CBUFFER *first, *last, *tmp;
+ int i; /* Index into buffers. */
+ int total_bytes = 0; /* Total characters in all buffers. */
+ int errors = 0;
+
+ first = last = (CBUFFER *) xmalloc (sizeof (CBUFFER));
+ first->nbytes = 0;
+ first->next = NULL;
+ tmp = (CBUFFER *) xmalloc (sizeof (CBUFFER));
+
+ /* Input is always read into a fresh buffer. */
+ while ((tmp->nbytes = read (fd, tmp->buffer, BUFSIZE)) > 0)
+ {
+ tmp->next = NULL;
+
+ total_bytes += tmp->nbytes;
+ /* If there is enough room in the last buffer read, just append the new
+ one to it. This is because when reading from a pipe, `nbytes' can
+ often be very small. */
+ if (tmp->nbytes + last->nbytes < BUFSIZE)
+ {
+ bcopy (tmp->buffer, &last->buffer[last->nbytes], tmp->nbytes);
+ last->nbytes += tmp->nbytes;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ /* If there's not enough room, link the new buffer onto the end of
+ the list, then either free up the oldest buffer for the next
+ read if that would leave enough characters, or else malloc a new
+ one. Some compaction mechanism is possible but probably not
+ worthwhile. */
+ last = last->next = tmp;
+ if (total_bytes - first->nbytes > number)
+ {
+ tmp = first;
+ total_bytes -= first->nbytes;
+ first = first->next;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ tmp = (CBUFFER *) xmalloc (sizeof (CBUFFER));
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ if (tmp->nbytes == -1)
+ {
+ error (0, errno, "%s", filename);
+ errors = 1;
+ free ((char *) tmp);
+ goto free_cbuffers;
+ }
+
+ free ((char *) tmp);
+
+ /* Run through the list, printing characters. First, skip over unneeded
+ buffers. */
+ for (tmp = first; total_bytes - tmp->nbytes > number; tmp = tmp->next)
+ total_bytes -= tmp->nbytes;
+
+ /* Find the correct beginning, then print the rest of the file.
+ We made sure that `total_bytes' - `number' <= `tmp->nbytes'. */
+ if (total_bytes > number)
+ i = total_bytes - number;
+ else
+ i = 0;
+ xwrite (1, &tmp->buffer[i], tmp->nbytes - i);
+
+ for (tmp = tmp->next; tmp; tmp = tmp->next)
+ xwrite (1, tmp->buffer, tmp->nbytes);
+
+free_cbuffers:
+ while (first)
+ {
+ tmp = first->next;
+ free ((char *) first);
+ first = tmp;
+ }
+ return errors;
+}
+
+/* Skip NUMBER characters from the start of pipe FD, and print
+ any extra characters that were read beyond that.
+ Return 1 on error, 0 if ok. */
+
+int
+start_bytes (filename, fd, number)
+ char *filename;
+ int fd;
+ long number;
+{
+ char buffer[BUFSIZE];
+ int bytes_read = 0;
+
+ while (number > 0 && (bytes_read = read (fd, buffer, BUFSIZE)) > 0)
+ number -= bytes_read;
+ if (bytes_read == -1)
+ {
+ error (0, errno, "%s", filename);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ else if (number < 0)
+ xwrite (1, &buffer[bytes_read + number], -number);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/* Skip NUMBER lines at the start of file or pipe FD, and print
+ any extra characters that were read beyond that.
+ Return 1 on error, 0 if ok. */
+
+int
+start_lines (filename, fd, number)
+ char *filename;
+ int fd;
+ long number;
+{
+ char buffer[BUFSIZE];
+ int bytes_read = 0;
+ int bytes_to_skip = 0;
+
+ while (number && (bytes_read = read (fd, buffer, BUFSIZE)) > 0)
+ {
+ bytes_to_skip = 0;
+ while (bytes_to_skip < bytes_read)
+ if (buffer[bytes_to_skip++] == '\n' && --number == 0)
+ break;
+ }
+ if (bytes_read == -1)
+ {
+ error (0, errno, "%s", filename);
+ return 1;
+ }
+ else if (bytes_to_skip < bytes_read)
+ xwrite (1, &buffer[bytes_to_skip], bytes_read - bytes_to_skip);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/* Display file FILENAME from the current position in FD
+ to the end. If `forever' is nonzero, keep reading from the
+ end of the file until killed. */
+
+void
+dump_remainder (filename, fd)
+ char *filename;
+ int fd;
+{
+ char buffer[BUFSIZE];
+ int bytes_read;
+
+output:
+ while ((bytes_read = read (fd, buffer, BUFSIZE)) > 0)
+ xwrite (1, buffer, bytes_read);
+ if (bytes_read == -1)
+ error (1, errno, "%s", filename);
+ if (forever)
+ {
+ sleep (1);
+ goto output;
+ }
+}
+
+void
+parse_unit (str)
+ char *str;
+{
+ int arglen = strlen (str);
+
+ if (arglen == 0)
+ return;
+
+ switch (str[arglen - 1])
+ {
+ case 'b':
+ unit_size = 512;
+ str[arglen - 1] = '\0';
+ break;
+ case 'k':
+ unit_size = 1024;
+ str[arglen - 1] = '\0';
+ break;
+ case 'm':
+ unit_size = 1048576;
+ str[arglen - 1] = '\0';
+ break;
+ }
+}
+
+/* Convert STR, a string of ASCII digits, into an unsigned integer.
+ Return -1 if STR does not represent a valid unsigned integer. */
+
+long
+atou (str)
+ char *str;
+{
+ unsigned long value;
+
+ for (value = 0; ISDIGIT (*str); ++str)
+ value = value * 10 + *str - '0';
+ return *str ? -1 : value;
+}
+
+void
+usage ()
+{
+ fprintf (stderr, "\
+Usage: %s [-c [+]N[bkm]] [-n [+]N] [-fqv] [--bytes=[+]N[bkm]] [--lines=[+]N]\n\
+ [--follow] [--quiet] [--silent] [--verbose] [file...]\n\
+ %s [{-,+}Nbcfklmqv] [file...]\n", program_name, program_name);
+ exit (1);
+}